tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-88839361754994472532012-03-11T15:26:37.624-07:00It's HistoryMaria Hardyhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/01053957589727042125noreply@blogger.comBlogger13125tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8883936175499447253.post-10206300202479424372012-03-11T15:24:00.000-07:002012-03-11T15:24:48.655-07:002012-03-11T15:24:48.655-07:00The Great Plain War<br />
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<span style="color: #888888; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 9.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB;">CHIEF BIG FOOT - SIOUX<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<a href="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-ntx7bY0vhro/T10lHU8YgXI/AAAAAAAAAZs/4Xw-xa_A8ZA/s1600/CHIEF+BLACK+KETTLE.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-ntx7bY0vhro/T10lHU8YgXI/AAAAAAAAAZs/4Xw-xa_A8ZA/s1600/CHIEF+BLACK+KETTLE.jpg" /></a></div>
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<span style="color: #888888; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 8.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB;">CHIEF BLACK KETTLE - CHEYENNE<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: #888888; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 8.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB;">CHIEF SITTING BULL - SIOUX<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB;">The many skirmishes on the Plains
were destroying the freedom of the Plain Indians and yet, as always, there was
never any glory. The Indians learned from the Spanish how to scalp and torture
which played right into the American hands. Indian scalps were displayed on the
opera houses in the East and the Indians wore white scalps on their
jackets.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB;">One side was as bad as the other
regarding retaliation. The only difference is that the white man would
not share and started to push them off their land, now nobody would accept
that. Troops of the commander Col. Chivington attacked a Cheyenne village on
their reservation at Sand Creek 1865. They attacked before dawn, knowing very
well the men were away hunting and the result 133 dead, 105 women and children
and 28 men. They were disgustingly mutilated.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB;">Cheyennes, Sioux and
Arapahos joined together the following year. They slaughtered and
mutilated Lieut. Fetterman's entire troop but, and there is a but, it was only
men to men.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB;">Every time the Indian had a triumph,
they were attacked and defeated again. Indian people knew they had their back
to the wall and tried honest dealing to save more bloodshed on both sides. They
tried dishonest theft, open warfare, spying, betrayal and yet finally they had
to surrender to the white man. What it must have cost them? They were such
proud people.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB;">As a final solution to defeat them,
the white man killed off the buffalo which they knew was their main survival
and their only way of life. From 1874 till 1874 there were 3.7 million buffalo
killed. Even the soldiers remarked that the smell from rotten carcasses made
the plains uninhabitable. The buffalo were nearly extinct and so was the
Indian's way of life.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB;">One by one the great tribes were
almost destroyed. Black Kettle of the Cheyenne and Sitting Bull of the Sioux
were not the only chiefs who met a violent death. Most of the great chiefs were
killed. Indian leaders tried so hard to end the bloodshed on both sides
and restore peace. But by 1880 most Indians were on reservations or dead. The
land, their land had been divided up and given to white settlers.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB;">THE DANCE OF DEATH<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB;">A strange belief swept through the
Indians tribes. I guess it came out of sheer desperation. A Paiute
called Wovoka told them to dance the GHOST DANCE and their dead ancestor would
rise and come to their defence. That would banish the white man from America.
The result was that the tribes became hostile and aggressive but did not
banish the white man.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB;">It came to a head at Wounded Knee in
Dakota 1890. The Seventh Cavalry trying to disarm a band of Sioux and their
Chief Big Foot. The result was 200 dead mostly women and children which was the
end. 1890 the frontier was officially declared closed and America's white man's
land stretched from coast to coast.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div><div class="blogger-post-footer"><img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/8883936175499447253-1020630020247942437?l=itshistory-evabrooks.blogspot.com' alt='' /></div>Maria Hardyhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/01053957589727042125noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8883936175499447253.post-89549673650693365182012-03-11T14:43:00.000-07:002012-03-11T14:43:31.614-07:002012-03-11T14:43:31.614-07:00Progress -- Profit -- Indian Sunset<br />
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<span style="color: #888888; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 8.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB;">AMERICAN INDIAN<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB;">Indians were pushed back, in the
West, by settlers and soldiers for progress and profit and it was the start of
the Indian sunset.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB;">When Christopher Columbus was looking
for a passage to India in 1492 and landed in America; he thought they were
the Indians. Hence the name and it stayed with them ever since. When the
mistake was discovered and to distinguish them from the Asian Indians they were
called 'Red' Indians. Today, they are called American Indians or Native
Indians.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB;">In the 1860 the Great Plains of the
USA were inhabited by Indians and it is believed it had been their home for
thousand of years. They have the right to stay there. Now the Americans, for
some reason, believed that God wanted to have it covered from coast to coast by
white people.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB;">The Indians welcomed the first
European and exchanged goods with them. They also showed them how to hunt and
survive. What they got in return from the white man were gifts of horses, guns,
knives and whisky which changed their way of life.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 16.2pt; margin-bottom: 9.0pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm;">
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB;">Till the time Spanish settlers
introduced horses, the Indian tribes lived in small villages. They were growing
crops, foraged for roots and fruits and hunted for meat when they needed it. By
the late 18th century many tribes stopped cultivating and took to nomadic life
following the herds of buffalo.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB;">The weather on the Plains is
either boiling hot summers or freezing cold winters. In the summer months
the tribes were busy hunting for meat which they either ate or tried in the hot
sun and kept it for the winter. They also hunted other games and fished.
Buffalo supplied meat for fresh or sun-dried for the winter; hides for tents,
blankets, clothes, shoes, saddlery, cooking pots; bones for tools and weapons;
sinew for thread; horn for drinking cups and headdresses and so on.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 16.2pt; margin-bottom: 9.0pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm;">
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB;">Now the Indians were the perfect
conservationists. They only took what they needed which did no harm at all. Now
the European idea of ownership of land was right the opposite. Although more
than plenty, they wouldn't share which baffled the Indians. They either
killed more than they ever could eat or use or drove them away.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 16.2pt; margin-bottom: 9.0pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm;">
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB;">In 1830 pushing the Indians back was
well in progress. As the white settler's population grew and so did the
pressure for more land. The tribes were either forced or bribed to go west. The
US government purchase Louisiana which is between the Mississippi and the
Rockies and wanted the Indians to move there. It was a surprise that some
tribes didn't want to but any concern of theirs.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 16.2pt; margin-bottom: 9.0pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm;">
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB;">In 1832 The Permanent Indian Frontier
was drawn for the Indian to have a permanent home as long as the river flows
and the grass grew. The Eminoles went into the swamp of Florida and were hunted
down. The Tennessee Cherokees were force-marched to Oklahoma. It was reported
that 4000 Cherokees died and it was called the Trail of Tears. On top of it
all, it was a journey to an infertile land. The tribes who were already living
there did not welcome them. US government in their righteousness thought
that they were there for their own good and it is no concern of
theirs.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div><div class="blogger-post-footer"><img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/8883936175499447253-8954967365069336518?l=itshistory-evabrooks.blogspot.com' alt='' /></div>Maria Hardyhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/01053957589727042125noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8883936175499447253.post-34642044535059649322012-03-09T13:05:00.000-08:002012-03-09T13:05:56.676-08:002012-03-09T13:05:56.676-08:00How did Cities start?<br />
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<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB; mso-no-proof: yes;"><v:shapetype coordsize="21600,21600" filled="f" id="_x0000_t75" o:preferrelative="t" o:spt="75" path="m@4@5l@4@11@9@11@9@5xe" stroked="f">
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<span style="color: #333333; font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 14px;"><b><br /></b></span></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<a href="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-YFV34amxxOc/T1puIcbjJfI/AAAAAAAAAV8/cSbLureHO9U/s1600/CITIES+--MESOPOTAMIA+--+3RD+MILLENNIUM+BC.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="320" src="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-YFV34amxxOc/T1puIcbjJfI/AAAAAAAAAV8/cSbLureHO9U/s320/CITIES+--MESOPOTAMIA+--+3RD+MILLENNIUM+BC.jpg" width="308" /></a></div>
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<b><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB;"> </span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 16.2pt; margin-bottom: 7.5pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm;">
<b><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB;"> CITIES IN MESOPOTAMIA IN THE 3RD CENTURY</span></b><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB;"> <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB;"><br /></span></div>
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<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB;">Cities were built as early as
10-12,000 years ago. People stopped hunting/gathering and settled more in one
place. To begin with there were small farms and villages but they were not cities.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB;">The world first great civilization
arose in the Middle East, in Mesopotamia and Indus Valley.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB;">Cities started to be built when
craftsmen, traders, priests, soldiers and officials came together and were
building houses. For cities to survive and prosper farmers had to produce more
food and sell them on the market places.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 16.2pt; margin-bottom: 9.0pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm;">
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB;">Early large settlements appeared like
the town of Jericho was inhabited before 8000 BC. A recently archaeological
find in Turkey, a town called Catal Huyuk (pronounced Chatal Hoo-yook)
apparently, it flourished from about 6500 to 5500 BC. Unfortunately, the
knowledge is limited because there are no written records. A kind of writing
started in southern Iraq about 3000 BC at a place called Sumer.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB;"> </span><b><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB;">EMPIRE OF THE THIRD DYNASTY OF UR</span></b><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB;">The good farmland was in the northern
territory of Iraq. Sumer did have rich soil but had to be drained because it
was marshland. A highly organized effort must have been made to carefully
irrigate the land. It is assumed that the whole population took part and
afterwards to maintain it. When it started to be productive and prosperous
Sumer was divided into independent-city-states. Walled cities like Ur, Uruk,
Kish, Lagash and Nippur had its capital with villages and countryside.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB;">Although rich on food Sumer was had
no timber or stones. This meant that large amount of stone were not possible to
transport. They used mud bricks which were either baked in the sun or in
oven. They managed to build all these big cities with it. However, being a perishable
material it did not survive of thousands of years. Surprisingly, some survived
at all to give us an idea of the magnificent cities.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB;">There were tall pyramids call
ziggurats with steps leading up to the shrine of a god. Each city had its own
god. It was built around the temple.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB;">Priests had a good deal of power.
Furthermore, the earliest monarchies were established in Sumer and the first
known code of law was made in Ur. King Ur-Nammu reign c.2100BC.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<a href="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-pmKWpgF06K0/T1pu70WNviI/AAAAAAAAAWM/25g_pcArjzU/s1600/CITIES+--+THE+RECONSTRUCTED+FACADE+OF+THE+NEO-SUMERIAN+GREAT+ZIGGURAT+OF+UR++--++NEAR+NASIRIYAH,+IRAQ.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="300" src="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-pmKWpgF06K0/T1pu70WNviI/AAAAAAAAAWM/25g_pcArjzU/s400/CITIES+--+THE+RECONSTRUCTED+FACADE+OF+THE+NEO-SUMERIAN+GREAT+ZIGGURAT+OF+UR++--++NEAR+NASIRIYAH,+IRAQ.jpg" width="400" /></a></div>
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<b><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB;"><br /></span></b></div>
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<b style="background-color: white; line-height: 16.2pt;"><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB;">RECONSTRUCTED
FACADE OF THE NEO-SUMARIAN GREAT ZIGGURAT
OF UR -- NEAR NASIRIYAH, IRAQ</span></b></div>
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<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB;">In Sumer there was also the first
wheeled wagon, the potter's wheel and most importantly writing was developed
there. At first it was only simple lists and picture writing. Later on they
developed a wedge-shaped writing on a wet clay tablet which when dried out was
a perfect record. It kept a perfect literature about myth and legends of the
Sumarians.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB;">Civilization appeared a few hundred
years in Sumer before ancient Egypt.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB;">Another but mysterious civilization was
in the Indus Valley (today's Pakistan) around 2500BC. There is only the
city-sites of Mhoenjo-Daro and Harappa known of that great civilization. So far
there was no possibility of decipher the picture writing of a few examples. It
is not know who these people were. Their remarkable cities had straight
criss-cross roads at a right-angle. Therefore, it is assumed that these cities
must have been built before they were inhabited. Their civilization collapsed
about 1700 BC but to these days the reason is no known.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB;">Eventually, Sumer also vanished
because they were warring amongst each other which enabled outsiders to
conquer. They fought off many a time the invaders. Their golden days were under
the third dynasty of Ur. It was established under the Ur-Nammu.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB;">After the defeat by the Amorites
about 1900 BC the Sumarians merged with the history of the Babylonia.</span></div>
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<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-3eiJGi5Z3wU/T1pvNHWNZgI/AAAAAAAAAWU/JCf6wbmAeoQ/s1600/CITIES+--+UR-NAMMU+(SEATED)+BESTOWS+GOVERNORSHIP+ON+HASHAMER,+PATES+(HIGH+PRIEST)+OF+ISKUN-SIN+ABOUT+2100+BC.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="214" src="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-3eiJGi5Z3wU/T1pvNHWNZgI/AAAAAAAAAWU/JCf6wbmAeoQ/s400/CITIES+--+UR-NAMMU+(SEATED)+BESTOWS+GOVERNORSHIP+ON+HASHAMER,+PATES+(HIGH+PRIEST)+OF+ISKUN-SIN+ABOUT+2100+BC.jpg" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><b><br />PRIESTES UR-NAMMY - SEATED</b></td></tr>
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of Form<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div><div class="blogger-post-footer"><img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/8883936175499447253-3464204453505964932?l=itshistory-evabrooks.blogspot.com' alt='' /></div>Maria Hardyhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/01053957589727042125noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8883936175499447253.post-74959936563436334472012-03-02T12:56:00.000-08:002012-03-07T04:27:09.064-08:002012-03-07T04:27:09.064-08:00All About Ice Skating<br />
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<a href="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-JFg-vGLssa4/T1ExQKZKYVI/AAAAAAAAAO0/hNyOTXN6o4M/s1600/HISTORY+OF+ICE+SKATING.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" height="144" src="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-JFg-vGLssa4/T1ExQKZKYVI/AAAAAAAAAO0/hNyOTXN6o4M/s200/HISTORY+OF+ICE+SKATING.jpg" width="200" /></a></div>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-biSwzpch16U/T1ExzDkdFQI/AAAAAAAAAO8/waDcDzFg41I/s1600/CENTRAL+PARK+NEW+YORK+1862.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-biSwzpch16U/T1ExzDkdFQI/AAAAAAAAAO8/waDcDzFg41I/s1600/CENTRAL+PARK+NEW+YORK+1862.jpg" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Central Park New York 1892</td></tr>
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<a href="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-wV347nEj72c/T1dRyOJtHlI/AAAAAAAAASM/zRzJZt9q2-w/s1600/SKATER+1782+PAINTING+OF+WILLIAM+GRANT+BY+GILBERT+STUART.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="320" src="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-wV347nEj72c/T1dRyOJtHlI/AAAAAAAAASM/zRzJZt9q2-w/s320/SKATER+1782+PAINTING+OF+WILLIAM+GRANT+BY+GILBERT+STUART.jpg" width="191" /></a></div>
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Skater William Grant painted by Gilbert Stuart in 1782</div>
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<span style="color: #333333; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 10.5pt;">Ice skating has an incredible long
history.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: #333333; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 10.5pt;">If you have never stood on skates on
a smooth surface like ice, you will never know what the first attempt feels
like. Wanting to skate like all these people on ice, gliding effortless across.
Yet you stand there clinging to the barrier or friend and wobble from side to
side. Oh the dream and yet it feels impossible to let go and glide across.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: #333333; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 10.5pt;">HISTORY<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: #333333; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 10.5pt;">The country which invented skating
was Scandinavia. It is thought that about 2000 ago the Scandinavians, having to
cross frozen rivers and lakes, strapped animal’s bones to their feet. From that
humble beginning it slowly but surely developed ice skating into a high-tech
sport we know today.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: #333333; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 10.5pt;">There are two kinds of competitive
ice skating. One is figure skating which involves jumps, spins and dance steps.
The other one is Speed Skating which involves a race on ice. Both ice skating sports
are controlled by the International Skating Union (ISU).</span></div>
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<a href="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-Jk8jYgyuHwY/T1dRmSBBrDI/AAAAAAAAASE/jgMtHiNp2NE/s1600/PAIR+SKATER.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="320" src="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-Jk8jYgyuHwY/T1dRmSBBrDI/AAAAAAAAASE/jgMtHiNp2NE/s320/PAIR+SKATER.jpg" width="215" /></a></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 10.5pt; line-height: 16.2pt;">FIGURE SKATING</span></div>
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<span style="color: #333333; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 10.5pt;">The contestant either skates single
or in pairs and are based on free skating which involves jumps, spins, and
steps. The free skating spins consists of sit spins, camel spins and upright
spins. The jumps consist of the Axel-Paulsen, Lutz and Salchow which were named
after skater who developed them. Jumps consists of rotation in the air and if
the skater does it twice or three times it becomes a double or triple Axel.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: #333333; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 10.5pt;">The Single skater starts with the
original free programme which is compulsory jumps, spins and with connecting
steps. Skaters lose marks if they change the set even if it is harder. The
second stage has no set and the skaters can show and choose their programme.
Free skating standards is always improved. The competitive skater has to keep
up with the latest standard.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: #333333; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 10.5pt;">The Pair skating is the more
spectacular side of the sport. The male skater makes long, whirling jumps with
his partner. He also lifts her high over his head which demands great strength
and bravery. The contestants have to start with the original programme which
has several compulsory movements. After that they are allowed throws in the
following long and free programme.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: #333333; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 10.5pt;">For the single as well as pairs competitions
the original programme has to be no longer than two minutes and 40 seconds. The
long free programme must not be more than four and half minutes for men and
four minutes for women.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: #333333; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 10.5pt;">ICE DANCING<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: #333333; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 10.5pt;">It is performed by couples who have
to dance to the rhythm of their choice. They don't need the strength as in
Figure Skating because overhead lifts are not allowed. They get judged for
dancing in style and timing.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: #333333; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 10.5pt;">The ice dance contest has three
sections and lay down by ISU. In the compulsory dance the couple has to skate
two sets from a standard list usually from waltz, tango and quickstep. For the
original dance the ISU sets the Rheta but the couple choose the music and their
own steps. For the free dance the couple choose their music and steps to dance a
dramatic four minutes.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: #333333; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 10.5pt;">MARKS OUT OF SIX<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: #333333; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 10.5pt;">Two referees, a timekeeper and a
panel of judges make sure that the figure skating event is held according to
their rules. The number of judges is always an odd number. They hold up cards
which show marks out of six. The black number shows the overall marking and the
red shows the tenth of marks. Big events have an electronic scoreboard.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: #333333; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 10.5pt;">The judge gives two marks for every
programme One is for technical - how difficult the movement were and their
performance. The other is for artistic impression - style and drama. Each judge
adds the points up and place the skaters accordingly.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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ToB</span><span style="color: #333333; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 10.5pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="display: none; font-family: Symbol; font-size: 10pt;">·</span><span style="display: none; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 8pt;">ToBottom
of Form<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div><div class="blogger-post-footer"><img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/8883936175499447253-7495993656343633447?l=itshistory-evabrooks.blogspot.com' alt='' /></div>Maria Hardyhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/01053957589727042125noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8883936175499447253.post-27261732751924666092012-03-02T11:49:00.000-08:002012-03-04T07:08:48.487-08:002012-03-04T07:08:48.487-08:00All About Cadbury - The Famous Chocolate<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-LSIQsd5JHpU/T1EkcubxIjI/AAAAAAAAAOE/X5fzwhzfjrA/s1600/GEORGE+CADBURY.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-LSIQsd5JHpU/T1EkcubxIjI/AAAAAAAAAOE/X5fzwhzfjrA/s1600/GEORGE+CADBURY.jpg" /></a></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; color: #888888; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 9pt; line-height: 13.2pt;">GEORGE CADBURY</span></div>
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<span style="color: #333333; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 10.5pt;">George Cadbury, a British businessman
and a social reformer was born in 19 Sept.1839 and died in 24 October 1922. He
was the third son of Joseph Cadbury. He left school at 16 and worked in a
school for adult education on Sunday for no pay. They followed the religion of
Quaker. He and his brother Richard, born in 1835 and died in 1899, took over
the family business of the cocoa and chocolate firm Cadbury and Bournville
which became world famous.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: #333333; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 10.5pt;">To improve the life of their
employees and their family they built the Bournville Garden City estate, outside
Birmingham. Bournville is a French word for town. The houses were never owned,
even nowadays, but his employees had low rent, yards, gardens and fresh air.
The brothers believed in social rights and built canteens and sport facilities.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: #333333; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 10.5pt;">George Cadbury set a new management
standard in Britain with introducing adult education. This was also followed in
other parts of the world.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: #333333; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 10.5pt;">His wife Elizabeth born in 1858 and
died in 1935 was a noted social worker and philanthropist. George Cadbury was
also known for influencing various peace movements. He was first a supporter of
the Liberal Party but opposing the Boer War and the First World War he became a
member of the Independent Labour Party.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: #333333; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 10.5pt;">George Cadbury gave the Lickey Hill
Country Park to the people of Birmingham.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: #333333; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 10.5pt;">UPDATE: The company was sold later on to Krafts but
the granddaughter is building again a chocolate factory producing the same
quality. Unfortunately, she can’t call it Cadbury because that was sold to
Krafts too.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div><div class="blogger-post-footer"><img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/8883936175499447253-2726173275192466609?l=itshistory-evabrooks.blogspot.com' alt='' /></div>Maria Hardyhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/01053957589727042125noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8883936175499447253.post-8981807930839027962012-03-02T11:02:00.002-08:002012-03-02T11:28:37.000-08:002012-03-02T11:28:37.000-08:00Eamon de Valera - Irish Statesman<br />
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<span style="color: #333333; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 10.5pt;">An Irish statesman Eamon de Valera
worked all his life to achieve the independence for Ireland from Britain.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: #333333; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 10.5pt;">De Valera took part in the Easter
Rising in 1916 and was taken prisoner. If he weren't born in America he would
have been executed. He gained freedom under an amnesty in 1917 and became
president of Sinn Fein. This got him imprisoned again in 1918 but was able to
escape. He joined the Irish Republican Army for two years as a guerrilla
fighter. He became a Sinn Fein MP and after that president of the independent
Government (Dail Eireann), which was set up by the Sinn Fein.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: #333333; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 10.5pt;">De Valera sent his representative to
London and negotiations lead to the Anglo-Irish Treaty in 1921. He
completely disagrees with his representatives having signed that treaty. The
Treaty they signed was for an Irish Free State excluding six Ulster states.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: #333333; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 10.5pt;">He opposed William Cosgrave,
president of the executive council of the Free State from 1922 to 1932. De
Valera founded the Fianna Fail in 1926 and led his party to victory in 1932.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: #333333; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 10.5pt;">He ended the oath of allegiance to
the British crown. In 1937 he established a new constitution and announced
Ireland as a 'sovereign independent democratic state'.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: #333333; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 10.5pt;">During the Second World War Britain
offered to unite Ireland in return of entering the war. De Valera refused and
Ireland was neutral.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: #333333; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 10.5pt;">He stopped payment to Britain and
demanded the return of navel basis which were part of the 1921 treaty.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: #333333; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 10.5pt;">De Valera was president of Ireland
twice and he was 90 years when he was president until 1973.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: #333333; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 10.5pt;">What a man. He stood up and believed
in his course till the end. He must have been proud that he achieved it.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span style="color: #333333; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 10.5pt;">SUMMARY: Eamon
de Valera was a politician we all could do with today. He purely worked for the
good of Ireland. All his life he did not waver or change but stood by what he
believed in. </span></b><span style="color: #333333; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 10.5pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span style="color: #333333; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 10.5pt;">If the other
politician would have listen to de Valera when the met the English government
in London and didn't sign the treaty, Ireland would have been united and never
had all that bloodshed and trouble. Even in those politicians weren't as good
as Eamon de Valera</span></b><span style="color: #333333; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 10.5pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="display: none; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 8pt;">T</span><span style="color: #333333; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 10.5pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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of Form<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div><div class="blogger-post-footer"><img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/8883936175499447253-898180793083902796?l=itshistory-evabrooks.blogspot.com' alt='' /></div>Maria Hardyhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/01053957589727042125noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8883936175499447253.post-61920844853530277242012-03-01T12:02:00.002-08:002012-03-01T12:04:49.227-08:002012-03-01T12:04:49.227-08:00Evidence of Earliest Mankind<br />
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<span style="color: #333333; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 10.5pt;">Scientists, Archaeologists and
historical evidence believe and show that mankind evolved in Africa about 2
million years ago. However, there is a lot of assumption from the few
archaeological finds.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: #333333; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 10.5pt;">This is a period from the beginning
of humans in Africa to the end of the recent Ice Age which was about 10,000
years ago. It is assumed that by 8000 BC a few million people were living in
small communities across the continent. A glimpse into prehistoric Africa gave
the knowledge that they used stone and bone tools when hunting animals and
gathering plants. It did not leave us with a better picture how these people
really lived.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: #333333; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 10.5pt;">There never was an Ice Age in Africa
like on the rest of the world. It still had an influence on the climate. The
Sahara had rainfall before it was barren. The rainfall created lakes, forest
and grasses. This encouraged elephants, lions and other animals to move there.
Prehistoric rock paintings and carvings were found showing evidence of these
animals existed there. The earliest rock paintings show only animals and
hunting scenes. Later pictures, around 6000 BC, show herding agriculture in the
region.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: #333333; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 10.5pt;">These new inhabitants still had their
hunter-gatherer lifestyle. However, as the lakes and rivers started forming,
their way of life also started to change. They started to fish and developed
fish-hooks as well as harpoons. Since their food came from more or less around
the same place they started to build huts.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span style="color: #333333; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 10.5pt;"><br /></span></b></div>
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<b><span style="color: #333333; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 10.5pt;">AGRICULTURE</span></b><span style="color: #333333; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 10.5pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: #333333; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 10.5pt;">Around 8000 years ago inhabitants in
the Sahara and Nile Valley started to domesticate wild animals. They succeeded
with cows and soon went with their herd from place to place. At the same time
of this development agriculture began. They cultivated crops and were
influenced by Mesopotamia, today's Iraq. It spread along the river Nile from
Egypt to Ethiopia. In this region there was mainly barley and wheat. It is
assumed that they learned farming from the Egyptians. They grew native African
crops like millet, sorghum and rice. In the south and west they grew cereals, yams,
bananas and oil palm fruits.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span style="color: #333333; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 10.5pt;"><br /></span></b></div>
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<b><span style="color: #333333; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 10.5pt;">SAHARA RETURNS TO DESERT</span></b><span style="color: #333333; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 10.5pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: #333333; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 10.5pt;">Around 3500 BC the dessert returned
to Sahara and the people moved south and east. .By 2000 BC, it appears, they
were herders and went from pasture to pasture in the region of modern Kenya.
However, it took another 3000 years till they reached the far south of Africa.
The slow progress was due to thick woodlands in the south. Another cause was
the tsetse fly in this area which causes a serious cattle disease called
nagana. Even agriculture was not developed there till about 1500 years ago.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: #333333; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 10.5pt;">Some of the ancient tribes moved
north when the Sahara turned into a desert. Tribes headed as far as the
Mediterranean coast. Other tribes moved from oases to oases in the Sahara. Most
of these people spoke Berber and eventually were known as Berbers.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: #333333; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 10.5pt;">By around 1000 BC a regular trading
route was established through the Sahara. They carried goods from the north and
west of the continent. At first they used to use horse=drawn chariots to
transport their goods. However, as the desert climate became more established
camels from Arabia were used.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: #333333; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 10.5pt;">From around 4000 BC a great
civilization developed in the north-east, the ancient Egyptians. All along the
mighty river Nile the Egyptians established themselves and goods were
transported all the way to Nubia.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: #333333; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 10.5pt;">A Kingdom of Kush established itself
in about 2000 BC but the Egyptians conquered those 500 years later. In 759 BC,
the King Kashta defeated the Egyptians and for another 100 years Kushite
pharaohs ruled Egypt. The next two kings Piankhy and Shabaka pushed further
north and their powerful kingdom reached the Mediterranean coast.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: #333333; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 10.5pt;">A great change came when the Assyrian
Armies marched into Egypt from the Middle East. They conquered several regions
of the Kushites. The Kushites moved back to the south to their original
homeland. The capital was Napata. In the 5th century BC they even moved
further south to the new capital Meroe. From there they established a
flourishing culture with farming and iron-working. They established trade
routes to Africa, Middle East India and China. Their culture had its peak
around 300 BC but went into decline in 200 AD.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: #333333; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 10.5pt;">In 320 AD Kush was conquered by Axum,
a Christian trading kingdom whose homeland was Ethiopia.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: #333333; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 10.5pt;">Over the next hundreds year the
people used stones, bones and wood to make their tools. However, around 4000
BC, the Egyptians started to use the first metal which was copper. After
another 1000 years they discovered to melt in tin with the copper and produced
bronze. Maybe some West Africans also used copper but most of the other tribes
went from the Stone Age to the Iron Age.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span style="color: #333333; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 10.5pt;"><br /></span></b></div>
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<b><span style="color: #333333; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 10.5pt;">IRON AGE</span></b><span style="color: #333333; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 10.5pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: #333333; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 10.5pt;">The Hittites of Anatolia - today's
Turkey - and Syrians discovered how to melt iron in 1500 BC. However, this did
not spread across to North Africa till several hundreds years later. Eventually
the knowledge spread down the Nile to Egypt and then to Meroe. The other route
came through the Sahara to the west and it came there by 5th century BC.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: #333333; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 10.5pt;">The first culture which mastered
iron-works was the Nok. They made not only iron tools but sculptured heads made
form terracotta. It was a successful culture till including the early AD.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: #333333; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 10.5pt;">The Bantu-speaking tribes lived in
West Africa. They made iron tools from the 5th century BC till 5th AD. To begin
with they were farmers and their agricultural skills spread at the same time.
These iron tools enabled them to cut through impenetrable forests. Therefore,
the people in the south were able to learn a different life style. Until such
time they were hunters/gatherers.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: #333333; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 10.5pt;">By 1000 AD across whole Africa the
people were making tools from melted iron and farming. There were also small
villages and town being built and complex societies emerged. Only in the
south-west the tribes were still hunting and gathering.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: #333333; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 10.5pt;">In the north, through the Arab
invasions in the 7th century AD the trans-Sahara trade was established and
constantly increasing.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: #333333; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 10.5pt;">After that the great African empires
of the Middle Ages emerged.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div><div class="blogger-post-footer"><img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/8883936175499447253-6192084485353027724?l=itshistory-evabrooks.blogspot.com' alt='' /></div>Maria Hardyhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/01053957589727042125noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8883936175499447253.post-66707781563760889422012-02-28T13:52:00.000-08:002012-02-28T14:00:23.414-08:002012-02-28T14:00:23.414-08:00William Shakespeare - The Greatest Playwrite<br />
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<a href="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-ds2TXpc3L98/T01KsfnSUsI/AAAAAAAAAKw/YS2txyPpcE4/s1600/SHAKESPEARE.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-ds2TXpc3L98/T01KsfnSUsI/AAAAAAAAAKw/YS2txyPpcE4/s1600/SHAKESPEARE.jpg" /></a></div>
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<span style="color: #888888; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 9pt;">WILLIAM SHAKESPEARE<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: #333333; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 10.5pt;">There is little known about Shakespeare
and the mystery multiply because so many people trying to find out more. Even
the authenticity, of the so-called portraits of the artist, is questioned.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: #333333; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 10.5pt;">William Shakespeare was baptised in
the parish church of Stratford-on-Avon, England, on 26 April 1564. Since in
those days only the entries of baptism can be found it is assumed that he was
born one or two days earlier.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: #333333; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 10.5pt;">His father, John Shakespeare, was a
successful glove-maker. Soon after William's birth he became the town bailiff
which was in his days the town mayor. After 1576, John Shakespeare, had
financial problems. This fact could explain why the gifted William was not
send to a university.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: #333333; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 10.5pt;">However, it has been established that
according to Shakespeare's writing that he did receive a good,
grammar-school-like education and most properly in Stratford.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<a href="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-PODzE9omDuA/T01MLQgwgmI/AAAAAAAAALA/0j-PBw1tmBQ/s1600/JOHN+SKAKESPEARE%2527S+HOUSE+AND+ASSUMED+TO+BE+WILLIAM%2527S+BIRTHPLACE.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="240" src="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-PODzE9omDuA/T01MLQgwgmI/AAAAAAAAALA/0j-PBw1tmBQ/s320/JOHN+SKAKESPEARE%2527S+HOUSE+AND+ASSUMED+TO+BE+WILLIAM%2527S+BIRTHPLACE.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>
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<span style="color: #888888; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 8.5pt;">JOHN SHAKESPEARE'S HOUSE AND MOST PROPERLY WILLIAM'S BIRTHPLACE.</span></div>
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<span style="color: #333333; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 10.5pt;">In 1582, when Shakespeare was 18
years old he fell in love and married a girl called Anne Hathaway. She was
eight years older than him and already pregnant at the time. They had two girls
with the name of Susanna and Judith. A son called Hamnet, but unfortunately,
died when he was eleven.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: #333333; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 10.5pt;">Shakespeare went into history when he
was working in London in 1592 with the play of Henry VI. Robert Greene called
him an 'upstart crow' in a pamphlet. Greene was an envious fellow-dramatist.
Greene looked down on him because he was not university educated. According to
that Shakespeare was later on looked upon as either a genius or even a fake
because of that snobbery. It gave Francis Bacon, a famous philosopher and a man
of letters. A lot of material and ideas. Bacon, it was said, wrote plays in his
spare time.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: #333333; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 10.5pt;">From 1593 to 1594 an epidemic of the
plague closed the London theatres. Shakespeare had a patronage from the Earl of
Southampton and because of that he could concentrate on writing poetry. After
the epidemic was over, he joined the new theatre company called the Lord
Chamberlain's Men, as an actor and playwright.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: #333333; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 10.5pt;">From here on, Shakespeare wrote a
number of comedies and historical plays. His famous play 'Romeo and Juliet'
dates from 1595 and it was about the tragic event. However, his earlier works
like 'Love's Labour's Lost and 'A Midsummer Night's Dream' shows a fresh and
youthful, singing quality. It shows in the many use of rhymed verses.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: #333333; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 10.5pt;">'The Merchant of Venice' shows
already a darker comedy in which Shakespeare was writing a few years later. He
established with that an idea that a comedy doesn't necessary have to be funny
provided the end is to be a happy one.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: #333333; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 10.5pt;">At that time Shakespeare wrote two
plays of Henry IV with the most celebrated comic creation. It was the fat,
deceitful Falstaff with all his misadventures. It is said that the Queen
Elizabeth I was so amused that she demanded another play in which Falstaff
would also appear. Shakespeare promptly obliged and wrote the 'The Merry Wives
of Windsor.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: #333333; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 10.5pt;">1599 The Chamberlain's Men theatre
company moved across the Thames into the Globe Theatre. Shakespeare managed to
get one-tenth share in the company. Being a successful theatre company it gave
him more income than when he was just writing a play which brought £6 each
time.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: #333333; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 10.5pt;">When Queen Elizabeth I died in 1603
and James I became King of England the theatre company was in high favour. The
name was changed to the King's Men and they performed a number of times at
court. He was now well known and respected and became rich. He bought a lot of
properties in his home town. During this time of his height, he wrote the most
knowledgeable and far-reaching works and tragedies such as Hamlet, Othello,
King Lear, Macbeth and Antony and Cleopatra.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: #333333; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 10.5pt;">These plays are all of great
tragedies and cruelty which give a bleak view of life. Therefore, it is assumed
that Shakespeare himself went through a crises or desperate struggle in his
private life. He wrote them in a unique poetic style of language and disguised
black verses with ever-increasing freedom. The freedom became more obvious in
his last work. The tragic mood vanished and it followed with The Winter's Tale
and The Tempest. These two plays ended in a reconciliation and with a pleasant
note right through. It was a perfect ending to a great writer's career.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: #333333; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 10.5pt;">When Shakespeare retired around 1610,
he was very wealthy and moved to live in Stratford-on-Avon again. He kept in
tough with the London theatre for some years. He died on 23 April 1616 and
apparently didn't care about his plays of what will become of them. Luckily,
for the following generations, they were put together and published by his
fellow-players Heminge and Condell. In the 'First Folio' a younger dramatist,
Ben Jonson, wrote a poem which states perfectly that Shakespeare as being 'not
of an age, but for all time'.</span><br />
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<a href="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-L3kgBI7eT9M/T01KwGhz6qI/AAAAAAAAAK4/Ew05TbxOhJY/s1600/SHAKESPEARE%2527S+GRAVE.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-L3kgBI7eT9M/T01KwGhz6qI/AAAAAAAAAK4/Ew05TbxOhJY/s1600/SHAKESPEARE%2527S+GRAVE.jpg" /></a><span style="background-color: #e5e5e5; color: #333333; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 10.5pt; line-height: 16.2pt;"> </span></div>
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<span style="color: #333333; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 10.5pt;"><o:p> SHAKESPEARE's GRAVE </o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: #333333; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 10.5pt;">THE SECRET TRIANGLE<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: #333333; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 10.5pt;">During 1593 till 1594 when the
theatre in London were closed because of the epidemic of the plague,
Shakespeare wrote two long narrative poems, One was 'Venus and Andonis'
and the other was 'The rape of Lucrece'. He dedicated them to the
nobleman, Henry Wriothsley, Earl of Southampton. Did Shakespeare try
to secure a generous patronage? If so, Southampton's patronage was not
very generous.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: #333333; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 10.5pt;">A rumour circulated around that Shakespeare
was part of a triangle. In his sonnets, a sequence of verses are about a
young man which was never identified, an equally mysterious dark young
lady and including Shakespeare describing a triangular love affair.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div><div class="blogger-post-footer"><img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/8883936175499447253-6670778156376088942?l=itshistory-evabrooks.blogspot.com' alt='' /></div>Maria Hardyhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/01053957589727042125noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8883936175499447253.post-6511642499600182032012-02-28T13:10:00.000-08:002012-03-02T11:06:56.701-08:002012-03-02T11:06:56.701-08:00Shakespeare Theatre - Original Premier<br />
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<span style="color: #333333; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 10.5pt;"> WILLIAM SHAKESPEARE</span><br />
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<span style="color: #333333; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 10.5pt;">The original foundation of the Globe
Theatre in London was found and rebuilt in the style as it was before. It was
built for Shakespaere to perform his plays. The theatre is right at the
bank of the river Thames.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: #333333; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 10.5pt;">I found an article describing the
premier of Hamlet in 1601. I hope you will enjoy it as much as I did.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: #333333; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 10.5pt;">When William Shakespeare announced a
new play, which was to be performed in the new Global Theatre, it was Hamlet,
Prince of Denmark. Shakespeare himself played the ghost.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: #333333; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 10.5pt;">A flag went up on the turret, on the
theatre, to signal the start of the performance. It started at two and as
Thomas Nashe wrote 'the idlest time of the day'. The performances were held
under the open sky in summer and winter</span><u><span style="color: #5d7d9d; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 10.5pt;">.</span></u><span style="color: #333333; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 10.5pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<a href="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-BU0FIHTjkms/T01AFo5AE2I/AAAAAAAAAKg/dbZHwOPWqQU/s1600/Reconstructed_Globe+Theatre.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="240" src="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-BU0FIHTjkms/T01AFo5AE2I/AAAAAAAAAKg/dbZHwOPWqQU/s320/Reconstructed_Globe+Theatre.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>
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<span style="color: #888888; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 8.5pt;">REBUILT GLOBE THEATRE LONDON<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: #888888; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 8.5pt;">DRAWING OF THE ORIGINAL GLOBE THEATRE 1638<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<a href="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-ybJcTrUf2cQ/T007Gj2BozI/AAAAAAAAAKQ/1_pTi3jzLh8/s1600/-Globe_Galleries.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="320" src="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-ybJcTrUf2cQ/T007Gj2BozI/AAAAAAAAAKQ/1_pTi3jzLh8/s320/-Globe_Galleries.jpg" width="239" /></a></div>
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<span style="color: #888888; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 8.5pt;">VIEWING GALLERY<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: #333333; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 10.5pt;">Public theatres were only just
beginning to be built. At that time there were not a lot of
performances given and therefore people flocked to it. The City of London
authorities disapproved because actors attracted undesirables, encouraging the
poor to waste their money and corrupt young people with shameless posturing.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: #333333; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 10.5pt;">An act of Parliament in 1572
classified strolling players as 'Rogues, Vagabonds and Sturdy Beggars'.
However, many aristocrats loved plays and gave actors their protection. At the
time, of the first premiere of Shakespeare's Hamlet at the Globe, actors were
almost respectful.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: #333333; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 10.5pt;">In 1601 at a performance at the Globe
the audience had to queue. The theatre could only hold 2000. They had to go
through the single-file entrances and drop a penny in the box. If you wanted a
cushioned seat in one of the three high tiered galleries and you could look
down onto the canopied central stage you paid a six pence. When you paid a
penny you had to take a stool. As one of the 'groundlings' you still had a good
view. The crowd was in the open space that surrounded the stage on three sides.
The aristocrats could hire a box for as much as 12 times more. Whether you were
one of the poor or the super rich you could clap or boo just the
same. It was the way in those days.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: #333333; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 10.5pt;">The playwright Thomas Dekker
described the atmosphere as follows, "The theatre was so free in
entertainment, allowing a stool as well as to the farmer's son as to your
Templar (high ranking), that your stinkard has the selfsame liberty to be there
in his tobacco fumes, which your sweet courtier hath; and sit to give judgement
on the play's life and death, as well as the proudest carper among the tribe of
Critic".<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: #333333; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 10.5pt;">The Globe theatre was in the middle
of the hustle and bustle on the Bank side of the Thames in Southwark. There
were plenty of tavern, bear pits and pleasure gardens. You would see cart,
coaches, shouting tradesmen, church bells ringing, boats man calling on the
busy river and if you pay close attention you would hear the three blast of a
trumpet from the turret of the theatre announcing the performance is to be
begin.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: #333333; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 10.5pt;">Please refer also to my other article
title is 'Globe Theatre - Shakespeare'<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div><div class="blogger-post-footer"><img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/8883936175499447253-651164249960018203?l=itshistory-evabrooks.blogspot.com' alt='' /></div>Maria Hardyhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/01053957589727042125noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8883936175499447253.post-88320818424032764182012-02-23T12:52:00.000-08:002012-02-24T04:39:30.435-08:002012-02-24T04:39:30.435-08:00Habsburg Dynasty<br />
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<a href="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-2t0DIpOE4zI/T0alJE_Gs-I/AAAAAAAAAGU/sCAgEsKZSh4/s1600/EMPEROR+FRANZ+JOSEPH.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="320" src="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-2t0DIpOE4zI/T0alJE_Gs-I/AAAAAAAAAGU/sCAgEsKZSh4/s320/EMPEROR+FRANZ+JOSEPH.jpg" width="302" /></a></div>
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<span style="color: #888888; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 9pt;">EMPEROR FRANZ JOSEPH 1910<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: #888888; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 8.5pt;">HABSBURG REGALIA<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<a href="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-FfNeOqJ7FPE/T0amOrDhpFI/AAAAAAAAAGk/31QZeS4VDSo/s1600/HOUSE+OF+HABSBURG.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="320" src="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-FfNeOqJ7FPE/T0amOrDhpFI/AAAAAAAAAGk/31QZeS4VDSo/s320/HOUSE+OF+HABSBURG.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>
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<span style="color: #888888; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 8.5pt;">HOUSE OF HABSBURG</span></div>
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<span style="color: #333333; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 10.5pt;">The Habsburg dynasty reigned from
15th to 20th century over most of Europe.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: #333333; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 10.5pt;">The name derived from the family seat
Habichtsburg (Hawk's Castle) in Switzerland. The first of the Habsburg
powerful family was Rudolf I, king of the Romans from 1273 to 1291. He
conquered Austria and the province Styria which was passed on to two sons in
1282. The Habsburg made their name in history not to declare war and conquer
but to marry. In late 15th century Maximilian I marriage brought the
Netherlands, Luxembourg and Burgundy. Maximilian's son Philip gained through
marriage Castle, Aragon, and the Spanish New World Possessions.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: #333333; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 10.5pt;">The Holy Roman Empire was under the
control of the Habsburg family. The height of their power was in the 16th
century. The Holy Roman Emperor Charles V, who was also Charles I king of
Spain. Hungary and Bohemia joined the empire in 1526. Habsburg also controlled
Naples, Sicily and Sardinia.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: #333333; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 10.5pt;">After Charles died, his brother
Ferdinand ruled Germany and Austria. Ferdinand's son Philip II ruled over
Spain. During the 30 Year War, from 1618, the Habsburg dynasty lost some
power but managed to add Portugal to their empire.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: #333333; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 10.5pt;">In the 18th century the Austrian
Habsburg came to new heights under Maria Theresa and her son Joseph II. Austria
lost Netherlands and then the title of Holy Roman Emperor at the end of the
Napoleon war.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: #333333; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 10.5pt;">They survived the revolution in
1848 but after 1866 Austrian-Prussian war had to make concession to the
Hungarian nationalism. They formed the monarchy Austria-Hungary.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: #333333; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 10.5pt;">The emperor Franz Joseph went
against Russia because of their control of the Balkan and allied with
Germany in 1879. As the Nationalists became more and more powerful and the
First World War broke out, the empire was broken up.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: #333333; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 10.5pt;">1918 the last Habsburg monarch
Charles I of Austria renounced his title.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<a href="http://rover.ebay.com/rover/1/711-53200-19255-0/1?ff3=2&toolid=10044&campid=5335845462&customid=917298-5276421&lgeo=1&vectorid=229466&item=320848820741"><span style="color: #5d7d9d; font-size: 10.5pt; text-decoration: none;"><img alt="Faberge: Court Jeweler to the Tsars by G. Van Habsburg-Lothringen (1988,..." border="0" height="64" src="file:///C:/Users/Hanna/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image007.jpg" v:shapes="Picture_x0020_21" width="64" /></span></a><span style="font-size: 10.5pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<a href="http://rover.ebay.com/rover/1/711-53200-19255-0/1?ff3=2&toolid=10044&campid=5335845462&customid=917298-5276421&lgeo=1&vectorid=229466&item=320848820741"><span style="color: #5d7d9d; font-size: 10.5pt;">Faberge: Court
Jeweler to the Tsars by G. Van Habsburg-Lothringen (1988,...</span></a><span style="font-size: 10.5pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 14.4pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm;">
<b><span style="font-size: 10.5pt;">Current Bid:</span></b><span style="font-size: 10.5pt;"> </span><span style="font-size: 10.5pt;">$4.99<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<a href="http://rover.ebay.com/rover/1/711-53200-19255-0/1?ff3=2&toolid=10044&campid=5335845462&customid=917298-5276421&lgeo=1&vectorid=229466&item=230741599529"><span style="color: #5d7d9d; font-size: 10.5pt; text-decoration: none;"><img alt="Austria Habsburg Iron Crown Order Medal Ribbon Cravat" border="0" height="64" src="file:///C:/Users/Hanna/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image009.jpg" v:shapes="Picture_x0020_22" width="64" /></span></a><span style="font-size: 10.5pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<a href="http://rover.ebay.com/rover/1/711-53200-19255-0/1?ff3=2&toolid=10044&campid=5335845462&customid=917298-5276421&lgeo=1&vectorid=229466&item=230741599529"><span style="color: #5d7d9d; font-size: 10.5pt;">Austria Habsburg
Iron Crown Order Medal Ribbon Cravat</span></a><span style="font-size: 10.5pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span style="font-size: 10.5pt;">Current Bid:</span></b><span style="font-size: 10.5pt;"> </span><span style="font-size: 10.5pt;">$14.99<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<a href="http://rover.ebay.com/rover/1/711-53200-19255-0/1?ff3=2&toolid=10044&campid=5335845462&customid=917298-5276421&lgeo=1&vectorid=229466&item=170783217846"><span style="color: #5d7d9d; font-size: 10.5pt; text-decoration: none;"><img alt="Vintage Habsburg China plate made in Austria" border="0" height="64" src="file:///C:/Users/Hanna/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image011.jpg" v:shapes="Picture_x0020_23" width="64" /></span></a><span style="font-size: 10.5pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<a href="http://rover.ebay.com/rover/1/711-53200-19255-0/1?ff3=2&toolid=10044&campid=5335845462&customid=917298-5276421&lgeo=1&vectorid=229466&item=170783217846"><span style="color: #5d7d9d; font-size: 10.5pt;">Vintage Habsburg
China plate made in Austria</span></a><span style="font-size: 10.5pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 14.4pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm;">
<b><span style="font-size: 10.5pt;">Current Bid:</span></b><span style="font-size: 10.5pt;"> </span><span style="font-size: 10.5pt;">$9.99<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<a href="http://rover.ebay.com/rover/1/711-53200-19255-0/1?ff3=2&toolid=10044&campid=5335845462&customid=917298-5276421&lgeo=1&vectorid=229466&item=140701101307"><span style="color: #5d7d9d; font-size: 10.5pt; text-decoration: none;"><img alt="Habsburg Austria 16" Platter w/ Lavender Flowers 680,22" border="0" height="64" src="file:///C:/Users/Hanna/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image013.jpg" v:shapes="Picture_x0020_24" width="64" /></span></a><span style="font-size: 10.5pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<a href="http://rover.ebay.com/rover/1/711-53200-19255-0/1?ff3=2&toolid=10044&campid=5335845462&customid=917298-5276421&lgeo=1&vectorid=229466&item=140701101307"><span style="color: #5d7d9d; font-size: 10.5pt;">Habsburg Austria
16" Platter w/ Lavender Flowers 680,22</span></a><span style="font-size: 10.5pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span style="font-size: 10.5pt;">Current Bid:</span></b><span style="font-size: 10.5pt;"> </span><span style="font-size: 10.5pt;">$19.99<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<a href="http://www.amazon.com/Habsburgs-Andrew-Wheatcroft/dp/0140236341?SubscriptionId=14H876SFAKFS0EHBYQ02&tag=hubpages-20&linkCode=xm2&camp=2025&creative=165953&creativeASIN=0140236341"><span style="color: #5d7d9d; font-size: 10.5pt; text-decoration: none;"><img alt="The Habsburgs" border="0" height="75" src="file:///C:/Users/Hanna/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image017.jpg" v:shapes="Picture_x0020_31" width="48" /></span></a><span style="font-size: 10.5pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<a href="http://www.amazon.com/Habsburgs-Andrew-Wheatcroft/dp/0140236341%3FSubscriptionId%3D14H876SFAKFS0EHBYQ02%26tag%3Dhubpages-20%26linkCode%3Dxm2%26camp%3D2025%26creative%3D165953%26creativeASIN%3D0140236341"><span style="color: #5d7d9d; font-size: 10.5pt;">The Habsburgs</span></a><span style="font-size: 10.5pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span style="font-size: 10.5pt;">Amazon Price:</span></b><span style="font-size: 10.5pt;"> </span><span style="font-size: 10.5pt;">$8.00<br />
List Price: $17.00<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<a href="http://www.amazon.com/Austrians-Thousand-Year-Odyssey-Gordon-Brook-Shepherd/dp/0786711027?SubscriptionId=14H876SFAKFS0EHBYQ02&tag=hubpages-20&linkCode=xm2&camp=2025&creative=165953&creativeASIN=0786711027"><span style="color: #5d7d9d; font-size: 10.5pt; text-decoration: none;"><img alt="The Austrians: A Thousand-Year Odyssey" border="0" height="75" src="file:///C:/Users/Hanna/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image018.jpg" v:shapes="Picture_x0020_32" width="49" /></span></a><span style="font-size: 10.5pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<a href="http://www.amazon.com/Austrians-Thousand-Year-Odyssey-Gordon-Brook-Shepherd/dp/0786711027%3FSubscriptionId%3D14H876SFAKFS0EHBYQ02%26tag%3Dhubpages-20%26linkCode%3Dxm2%26camp%3D2025%26creative%3D165953%26creativeASIN%3D0786711027"><span style="color: #5d7d9d; font-size: 10.5pt;">The Austrians: A
Thousand-Year Odyssey</span></a><span style="font-size: 10.5pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span style="font-size: 10.5pt;">Amazon Price:</span></b><span style="font-size: 10.5pt;"> </span><span style="font-size: 10.5pt;">$10.00<br />
List Price: $23.00<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<a href="http://www.amazon.com/Austrians-Thousand-Year-Odyssey-ebook/dp/B001H0GBD2?SubscriptionId=14H876SFAKFS0EHBYQ02&tag=hubpages-20&linkCode=xm2&camp=2025&creative=165953&creativeASIN=B001H0GBD2"><span style="color: #5d7d9d; font-size: 10.5pt; text-decoration: none;"><img alt="The Austrians: A Thousand-Year Odyssey" border="0" height="75" src="file:///C:/Users/Hanna/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image019.jpg" v:shapes="Picture_x0020_33" width="48" /></span></a><span style="font-size: 10.5pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<a href="http://www.amazon.com/Austrians-Thousand-Year-Odyssey-ebook/dp/B001H0GBD2%3FSubscriptionId%3D14H876SFAKFS0EHBYQ02%26tag%3Dhubpages-20%26linkCode%3Dxm2%26camp%3D2025%26creative%3D165953%26creativeASIN%3DB001H0GBD2"><span style="color: #5d7d9d; font-size: 10.5pt;">The Austrians: A
Thousand-Year Odyssey</span></a><span style="font-size: 10.5pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 14.4pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm;">
<b><span style="font-size: 10.5pt;">Amazon Price:</span></b><span style="font-size: 10.5pt;"> </span><span style="font-size: 10.5pt;">$23.00<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<a href="http://www.amazon.com/Habsburg-Monarchy-1618-1815-Approaches-European/dp/0521785057?SubscriptionId=14H876SFAKFS0EHBYQ02&tag=hubpages-20&linkCode=xm2&camp=2025&creative=165953&creativeASIN=0521785057"><span style="color: #5d7d9d; font-size: 10.5pt; text-decoration: none;"><img alt="The Habsburg Monarchy, 1618-1815 (New Approaches to European History)" border="0" height="75" src="file:///C:/Users/Hanna/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image020.jpg" v:shapes="Picture_x0020_34" width="50" /></span></a><span style="font-size: 10.5pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<a href="http://www.amazon.com/Habsburg-Monarchy-1618-1815-Approaches-European/dp/0521785057%3FSubscriptionId%3D14H876SFAKFS0EHBYQ02%26tag%3Dhubpages-20%26linkCode%3Dxm2%26camp%3D2025%26creative%3D165953%26creativeASIN%3D0521785057"><span style="color: #5d7d9d; font-size: 10.5pt;">The Habsburg
Monarchy, 1618-1815 (New Approaches to European History)</span></a><span style="font-size: 10.5pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 14.4pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm;">
<b><span style="font-size: 10.5pt;">Amazon Price:</span></b><span style="font-size: 10.5pt;"> </span><span style="font-size: 10.5pt;">$27.67<br />
List Price: $32.99<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<a href="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-2t0DIpOE4zI/T0alJE_Gs-I/AAAAAAAAAGU/sCAgEsKZSh4/s1600/EMPEROR+FRANZ+JOSEPH.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-2t0DIpOE4zI/T0alJE_Gs-I/AAAAAAAAAGU/sCAgEsKZSh4/s1600/EMPEROR+FRANZ+JOSEPH.jpg" /></a></div>
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<br /></div><div class="blogger-post-footer"><img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/8883936175499447253-8832081842403276418?l=itshistory-evabrooks.blogspot.com' alt='' /></div>Maria Hardyhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/01053957589727042125noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8883936175499447253.post-37854421026375467422012-02-21T11:07:00.000-08:002012-02-21T12:27:09.228-08:002012-02-21T12:27:09.228-08:00History of 10 Downing Street, London<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-0VGCKZMrw-I/T0Pm0eThObI/AAAAAAAAAEM/hj83SLGfD8U/s1600/10+DOWNING+STREET.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="229" src="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-0VGCKZMrw-I/T0Pm0eThObI/AAAAAAAAAEM/hj83SLGfD8U/s400/10+DOWNING+STREET.jpg" width="400" /></a></div>
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<span style="color: #333333; font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 14px;"><b> NO 10 DOWNING STREET</b></span></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 10.5pt; line-height: 16.2pt;">The real history of Downing Street in
London was not always surrounded by the elegant and high society area as it is
now. The history includes a previous prime minister Spencer Perceval being
assassinated. Robert Peel's secretary was shot dead because they mistook him
for the PM. To begin with Downing Street was in a very doubtful neighbourhood
which was full of shabby brothels, gin parlours and violent criminals. In the
nearby Jermyn Street were flagellation clubs. In St James's Street high society
Ladies could buy early varieties of sex toys imported from Italy.</span></div>
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<span style="color: #333333; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 10.5pt;">To begin with the area where Downing
Street is now was just a piece of land leased to George Downing by the Crown at
the end of 17th century. He was quite a bit of a 'personality'. George Downing
was a British Diplomat from Dublin who had formerly been Oliver Cromwell's
intelligence chief and a spy master. When Oliver Cromwell's government fell
George Downing happened to make friend with Charles II and his son James I.
That really is a diplomat.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: #333333; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 10.5pt;">George Downing was shrewd and
calculating. Surprise, surprise he had a reputation for double dealings. The
famous diarist Samuel Pepe called him a 'perfidious rogue' and an 'ungrateful
villain' for having been a turncoat. He not only switch sides from the Roundheads
to save his own skin but he sold his former friends.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: #333333; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 10.5pt;">Downing told King Charles II, when he
returned to the throne, that he realized he was all wrong. He blamed his former
republicanism on being educated at Havard University in America. He was one who
first graduated in 1642. Although Downing was one of the leading men
overthrowing the monarchy and was part of the execution of Charles I.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: #333333; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 10.5pt;">He accumulated a great private
fortune first from the republican and then from his royal master. Although the
King wasn't all that keen on him but he used him to get back onto the path and
to the monarchy.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: #333333; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 10.5pt;">In 1654 George Downing managed to get
hold of a piece of valuable land right next to ST James's Park. He got it more
as a grace-and-favour than paying the full price. He built a street of red
brick houses there called Downing Street.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: #333333; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 10.5pt;">Shrewd as he was; he saw the
potential of being close to House of Parliament and this would make future
prime ministers and chancellors wanting to live close by. His calculation was
dead right but it took him 30 years to build on the land. The lease of the land
belonged to a powerful family Knyvet and they owned an old mansion next to
where 10 Downing Street is today.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: #333333; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 10.5pt;">Eventually when George Downing was
able to build his house he died soon after, in 1684. The Countess of Yarmouth
lived there in No 10 from 1688 to 1689. Lord Lansdowne live there from 1692 to
1692 and Earl of Grantham from 1699 to 1703<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-lqS0qeYFv-I/T0PnXu_omnI/AAAAAAAAAEc/DfA6YrSe4XM/s1600/DOWNING+STREET+%253D+THE+FOREIGH+AND+COMMONWEALTH+OFFICE+ON+THE+LEFT+%253D+THE+RED+HOUSE+IS+NO+12+%253D++THE+DARK+HOUSES+ARE+NO+10+AND+11.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="236" src="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-lqS0qeYFv-I/T0PnXu_omnI/AAAAAAAAAEc/DfA6YrSe4XM/s640/DOWNING+STREET+%253D+THE+FOREIGH+AND+COMMONWEALTH+OFFICE+ON+THE+LEFT+%253D+THE+RED+HOUSE+IS+NO+12+%253D++THE+DARK+HOUSES+ARE+NO+10+AND+11.jpg" width="640" /></a></div>
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<b><span style="color: #333333; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 10.5pt;">THE FOREIGN AND
COMMONWEALTH OFFICE ON THE LEFT --- THE RED BRICK HOUSE AT THE BACK ON THE
RIGHT IS NO. 12 --- THE TWO BLACK-DOORED HOUSES ON THE LEFT ARE NO. 10
AND 12</span></b></div>
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<span style="color: #888888; font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 11px;"><b>SIR GEORGE DOWNING </b></span></span></div>
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<a href="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-1raMwCwIkNI/T0PnHfWYVYI/AAAAAAAAAEU/xDlvWN_hBA8/s1600/DOWNING+-+SIR+GEORGE+DOWNING.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="background-color: transparent; line-height: 15pt; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="320" src="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-1raMwCwIkNI/T0PnHfWYVYI/AAAAAAAAAEU/xDlvWN_hBA8/s320/DOWNING+-+SIR+GEORGE+DOWNING.jpg" width="270" /></a></div>
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<a href="http://www.amazon.com/Open-Government/dp/B0015KOTY2?SubscriptionId=14H876SFAKFS0EHBYQ02&tag=hubpages-20&linkCode=xm2&camp=2025&creative=165953&creativeASIN=B0015KOTY2"><span style="color: #5d7d9d; font-size: 10.5pt; text-decoration: none;"><img alt="Open Government" border="0" height="75" src="file:///C:/Users/Hanna/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image004.jpg" v:shapes="Picture_x0020_27" width="75" /></span></a><span style="font-size: 10.5pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<a href="http://www.amazon.com/Open-Government/dp/B0015KOTY2%3FSubscriptionId%3D14H876SFAKFS0EHBYQ02%26tag%3Dhubpages-20%26linkCode%3Dxm2%26camp%3D2025%26creative%3D165953%26creativeASIN%3DB0015KOTY2"><span style="color: #5d7d9d; font-size: 10.5pt;">Open Government</span></a><span style="font-size: 10.5pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 14.4pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm;">
<b><span style="font-size: 10.5pt;">Amazon Price:</span></b><span style="font-size: 10.5pt;"> </span><span style="font-size: 10.5pt;">$1.99<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<a href="http://www.amazon.com/Downing-Street-Years-Margaret-Thatcher/dp/0006383211?SubscriptionId=14H876SFAKFS0EHBYQ02&tag=hubpages-20&linkCode=xm2&camp=2025&creative=165953&creativeASIN=0006383211"><span style="color: #5d7d9d; font-size: 10.5pt; text-decoration: none;"><img alt="Downing Street Years" border="0" height="75" src="file:///C:/Users/Hanna/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image005.jpg" v:shapes="Picture_x0020_28" width="49" /></span></a><span style="font-size: 10.5pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<a href="http://www.amazon.com/Downing-Street-Years-Margaret-Thatcher/dp/0006383211%3FSubscriptionId%3D14H876SFAKFS0EHBYQ02%26tag%3Dhubpages-20%26linkCode%3Dxm2%26camp%3D2025%26creative%3D165953%26creativeASIN%3D0006383211"><span style="color: #5d7d9d; font-size: 10.5pt;">Downing Street
Years</span></a><span style="font-size: 10.5pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 14.4pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm;">
<b><span style="font-size: 10.5pt;">Amazon Price:</span></b><span style="font-size: 10.5pt;"> </span><span style="font-size: 10.5pt;">$79.25<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<a href="http://www.amazon.com/Barretts-Wimpole-Street-Norma-Shearer/dp/6302308321?SubscriptionId=14H876SFAKFS0EHBYQ02&tag=hubpages-20&linkCode=xm2&camp=2025&creative=165953&creativeASIN=6302308321"><span style="color: #5d7d9d; font-size: 10.5pt; text-decoration: none;"><img alt="Barretts of Wimpole Street [VHS]" border="0" height="75" src="file:///C:/Users/Hanna/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image006.jpg" v:shapes="Picture_x0020_29" width="41" /></span></a><span style="font-size: 10.5pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<a href="http://www.amazon.com/Barretts-Wimpole-Street-Norma-Shearer/dp/6302308321%3FSubscriptionId%3D14H876SFAKFS0EHBYQ02%26tag%3Dhubpages-20%26linkCode%3Dxm2%26camp%3D2025%26creative%3D165953%26creativeASIN%3D6302308321"><span style="color: #5d7d9d; font-size: 10.5pt;">Barretts of Wimpole
Street [VHS]</span></a><span style="font-size: 10.5pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 14.4pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm;">
<b><span style="font-size: 10.5pt;">Amazon Price:</span></b><span style="font-size: 10.5pt;"> </span><span style="font-size: 10.5pt;">$45.00<br />
List Price: $19.98<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<a href="http://www.amazon.com/Number-10-Denis-Quilley/dp/B001ROVUU2?SubscriptionId=14H876SFAKFS0EHBYQ02&tag=hubpages-20&linkCode=xm2&camp=2025&creative=165953&creativeASIN=B001ROVUU2"><span style="color: #5d7d9d; font-size: 10.5pt; text-decoration: none;"><img alt="Number 10" border="0" height="75" src="file:///C:/Users/Hanna/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image007.jpg" v:shapes="Picture_x0020_30" width="55" /></span></a><span style="font-size: 10.5pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<a href="http://www.amazon.com/Number-10-Denis-Quilley/dp/B001ROVUU2%3FSubscriptionId%3D14H876SFAKFS0EHBYQ02%26tag%3Dhubpages-20%26linkCode%3Dxm2%26camp%3D2025%26creative%3D165953%26creativeASIN%3DB001ROVUU2"><span style="color: #5d7d9d; font-size: 10.5pt;">Number 10</span></a><span style="font-size: 10.5pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 14.4pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm;">
<b><span style="font-size: 10.5pt;">Amazon Price:</span></b><span style="font-size: 10.5pt;"> </span><span style="font-size: 10.5pt;">$19.95<br />
List Price: $49.99<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<a href="http://www.amazon.com/Water-Boarding-Lies-George-Bush/dp/B0039LMDT8?SubscriptionId=14H876SFAKFS0EHBYQ02&tag=hubpages-20&linkCode=xm2&camp=2025&creative=165953&creativeASIN=B0039LMDT8"><span style="color: #5d7d9d; font-size: 10.5pt; text-decoration: none;"><img alt="The Water Boarding (And Lies) of George Bush" border="0" height="75" src="file:///C:/Users/Hanna/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image008.jpg" v:shapes="Picture_x0020_31" width="53" /></span></a><span style="font-size: 10.5pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<a href="http://www.amazon.com/Water-Boarding-Lies-George-Bush/dp/B0039LMDT8%3FSubscriptionId%3D14H876SFAKFS0EHBYQ02%26tag%3Dhubpages-20%26linkCode%3Dxm2%26camp%3D2025%26creative%3D165953%26creativeASIN%3DB0039LMDT8"><span style="color: #5d7d9d; font-size: 10.5pt;">The Water
Boarding (And Lies) of George Bush</span></a><span style="font-size: 10.5pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 14.4pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm;">
<b><span style="font-size: 10.5pt;">Amazon Price:</span></b><span style="font-size: 10.5pt;"> </span><span style="font-size: 10.5pt;">$19.95<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="color: #333333; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 10.5pt;"><br /></span></div>
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<span style="color: #333333; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 10.5pt;">In 1721 the first Prime Minister Sir
Robert Walpole moved in there. As a matter of fact, he was only the "first
Lord of the Treasury" but official he was the first prime minister. King
George II gave the house to him as a reward for stabilising the economy. He
also established the Hanoverian Monarchy. Walpole accepted it as a
gift for the office holder but not for himself. He demanded that the house
should only be used for that. Mind you, his generosity had also a reason;
he was previously found out for corruption. He had no choice but to
turn it down.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: #333333; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 10.5pt;">The next two prime ministers lived in
their own home. When Lord North became prime minister he declared No 10 Downing
Street as the official home. He made improvement to house such as putting the
lion's head on the door and the famous checkerboard floor in the hall.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: #333333; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 10.5pt;">Today Downing Street is a great
rambling house. It was joined up with the house behind it and several rooms
added. It has a small dining room, a large state dining room for 65, a kitchen
with a 20th high window, a garden room, a state drawing room, a white-drawing
room which was Lady Walpole's sitting room, A Cabinet room which was Sir Robert
Walpole study and a wonderful staircase.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: #333333; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 10.5pt;">The house started to be neglected
because the Duke of Wellington, Lord Melbourne and Viscount Palmerstone lived
in their own home.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 16.2pt; margin-bottom: 9.0pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm;">
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 10.5pt;">In 1870 Disreali renovated the house
in a grand Victorian manner. Gladstone modernised it and put in electricity,
telephone and broke through to No 11 and 12. Neville Chamberlain put central
heating in 1937.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 16.2pt; margin-bottom: 9.0pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm;">
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 10.5pt;">However, many prime ministers would
not have thanked Downing because it was not always a comfortable house.</span></div>
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<a href="http://rover.ebay.com/rover/1/711-53200-19255-0/1?type=1&campid=5335845462&toolid=10001&customid=1416461-8334942" target="_top"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none;"><span style="color: #5d7d9d; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 10.5pt;"><img alt="http://www.awltovhc.com/image-2103840-5902068" border="0" height="1" src="file:///C:/Users/Hanna/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image021.gif" v:shapes="Picture_x0020_46" width="1" /></span></span></a></div>
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<a href="http://www.amazon.com/Stories-Behind-Londons-Streets-ebook/dp/B005DYMRS6?SubscriptionId=14H876SFAKFS0EHBYQ02&tag=hubpages-20&linkCode=xm2&camp=2025&creative=165953&creativeASIN=B005DYMRS6"><span style="color: #5d7d9d; font-size: 10.5pt; text-decoration: none;"><img alt="The Stories Behind London's Streets (part two)" border="0" height="75" src="file:///C:/Users/Hanna/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image023.jpg" v:shapes="Picture_x0020_52" width="52" /></span></a><span style="font-size: 10.5pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<a href="http://www.amazon.com/Stories-Behind-Londons-Streets-ebook/dp/B005DYMRS6%3FSubscriptionId%3D14H876SFAKFS0EHBYQ02%26tag%3Dhubpages-20%26linkCode%3Dxm2%26camp%3D2025%26creative%3D165953%26creativeASIN%3DB005DYMRS6"><span style="color: #5d7d9d; font-size: 10.5pt;">The Stories
Behind London's Streets (part two)</span></a><span style="font-size: 10.5pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 14.4pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm;">
<b><span style="font-size: 10.5pt;">Amazon Price:</span></b><span style="font-size: 10.5pt;"> </span><span style="font-size: 10.5pt;">$5.99<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div><div class="blogger-post-footer"><img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/8883936175499447253-3785442102637546742?l=itshistory-evabrooks.blogspot.com' alt='' /></div>Maria Hardyhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/01053957589727042125noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8883936175499447253.post-71665934209014754312012-01-23T03:48:00.000-08:002012-02-21T12:30:48.985-08:002012-02-21T12:30:48.985-08:00George Bush's Biography<div class="MsoNormal">
Comments on George Bush’s Biography</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Author Eva Brooks</div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
George Bush wrote his biography and excerpts from various headings are as follows:</div>
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<b><br /></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b>On Drinking<o:p></o:p></b></div>
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<br /></div>
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Laura Bush asked her husband if he can remember the last day he hadn’t had a drink and he couldn’t. He stated that he didn’t drink during the day or at work. He jogged every afternoon but this was only to get rid of the poison from this body. </div>
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At his 40 birthday, in 1986, they went for a meal with friends. He and the other friends went louder and louder as the evening worn on. The next day he had a huge hangover but went on jogging to clear his head. Bush admits that he has an additive nature. He loves chocolate, tobacco and booze. He reveals further that he sees the world only in black or white and has an-all-or-nothing personality. For him there is no middle of the road.</div>
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<b><br /></b></div>
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<b>On His Mother<o:p></o:p></b></div>
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<br /></div>
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He said that she gives out a grandmotherly impression but she is as hard as nail. George Bush calls her a family “enforcer”. He remembers his mother washing his mouth out with soap if he swore but he also enjoyed winding her up. He thinks he is responsible for her white hair. Bush is closer to his mother than to his father.</div>
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<b><br /></b></div>
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<b>On Katrina<o:p></o:p></b></div>
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<br /></div>
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Bush got the blame for being too slow to react when the hurricane struck in New Orleans in 2005. It killed 1,800 people. He owes up to the shortcoming of the government. He also admits that he should have contacted the victims and to voice his concern. However, he rejects the accusation that he didn’t care because they were black. </div>
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His shortcoming reflected very badly on the Democrat governor of Louisiana. However, it reads as if he is still not aware of his power although he was President for the second time.</div>
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<b><br /></b></div>
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<b>On 9/11<o:p></o:p></b></div>
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<br /></div>
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According to his own words, the President knew of the first plane hitting the World Centre when he went to visit a Florida primary school. During the lecture, from the form teacher, his chief of staff whispered in his ear: “A second plane hit the second tower of the World Centre. America is under attack”. </div>
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He stated that he noticed reporters seeing the attack on their cell phones. He knew that the President must not look shocked. The pictures would go round the world. If he would rush out it would sent a message of panic through the country. He stayed for another seven minutes. </div>
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However, the press reported that he looked like a frightened rabbit and took his time was playing for a decision what to do. </div>
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This is now my personal opinion. If the President already knew about the first attack why did he still go on and visit a primary school, of all places, during such a world crisis? The explanation in his book is a bit hard to swallow and to understand.</div>
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<b><br /></b></div>
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<b>On his Wife<o:p></o:p></b></div>
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<br /></div>
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He met his future wife when they were both around 30. She was a librarian and called Laura Welch. They found out that they had grown up close to each other and went to the same school. They even lived in the same apartment block.</div>
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George Bush is a talker and she is a listener. He knew straight away she was the girl for him. They were engaged after two months and married in less than four months. Bush believes that his trademark is fast and firm decision. Well whatever, his marriage definitely was. </div>
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<b><br /></b></div>
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<b>On Torture<o:p></o:p></b></div>
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<br /></div>
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Bush had lawyers investigating the method of torture of the CIA. It is called “enhanced interrogation programme”. They could not find evidence breaching the law to ban the use. Bush mentioned further that the use of water-boarding could be going a bit too far but he did not disapprove. The person is tight to a board and lowered into and under water until the interrogator gets his information. However, Bush justifies it as had he not authorised it he would not have prevented several attacks.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Critics also have a point when they say that the victim could say anything, whether true or false, just to get it stopped. </div>
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<b><br /></b></div>
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<b>On Iraq<o:p></o:p></b></div>
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<br /></div>
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Bush states in this section that the fight was stopped too early and the reason was that he gave a speech in front of a banner “mission accomplished”. He admits he should have had more discussion with the chief US administration.</div>
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He also admits that an error was made about Iraq’s weapons of mass destruction. At the same time he does not admit that he should not have invaded Iraq under any circumstances. </div>
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Apparently, through his action he encouraged Al-Quaeda to move into a country where they did not exist before. He now turned it into one of a major recruiting ground.</div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
The general opinion is, if George Bush just accepted the sympathy which poured into the USA from all over the world, it would have been better. He created a lot of enemies, destroyed all the sympathy with starting the Iraq war. Tony Blair, ex premier minister, made his biggest mistakes involving the UK in the USA-Iraq war and creating enemies which did not exist before. It was also an illegal invasion. It did not stabilize Iraq either.</div><div class="blogger-post-footer"><img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/8883936175499447253-7166593420901475431?l=itshistory-evabrooks.blogspot.com' alt='' /></div>Maria Hardyhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/01053957589727042125noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8883936175499447253.post-75553627783871309142012-01-19T11:55:00.000-08:002012-02-21T12:33:10.332-08:002012-02-21T12:33:10.332-08:00100 years ago Britain on the Brink of Revolution<br />
<div class="MsoNormal">
Author Eva Brooks</div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
I don’t know where the idea of a peaceful Edwardian era came
from but it wasn’t anything like that. </div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
In 1905 the Liberal Party won with a landslide the election.
The Liberal government were planning to cut the power of the House of Lords but
the Conservatives opposed it. The House of Lords in those days had great power
for century as the landed gentry.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
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Then there were the Suffragettes who campaigned for women to
vote and became more and more aggressive. They smashed windows, set post boxes
on fire and attacking ministers. </div>
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These were just minor incidents. The big issue was the
country was in the grip of a major strike which was intensifying into an
overall revolution.</div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
The root of the unrest was economic. During the 19<sup>th</sup>
century Britain was the major supplier to the world. However, looking at that
fact and the British Empire was in its full glory and prosperity but the people
were working for the lowest wages and living in slums. This is unforgivable.
Queen Victoria certainly didn’t care for her people. But let’s get back to the
Edwardian era.</div>
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<br /></div>
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At the turn of the century or soon after the USA and Germany
started to produce and domineered the markets of the world. As always when
there is a economic crises the wages fell by 10 per cent between 1896 and 1914
and the cost of living doubled. It is incredible to lower wages which had been
impossible to live on to start with. It is known that in those days children
and adults were starving and died of diseases because of inadequate food and
housing.</div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
It was no wonder that Trade Union leaders emerged everywhere
to get their people a reasonable wages to live on. They also use their power to
force governments into various concessions. Up to that day industrial action
was unheard of. It began with the rail strike in 1910 which was followed by
cotton workers, boilermakers and Welsh miners in 1911. Even the sailors went on
strike which again is not surprisingly when you read about their condition they
worked under.</div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
In August 1911 England was in a heat wave and the strikes
spread to the London docks. There were mountains of vegetables, fish and meat rotting,
barrel of butter rancid on the dock sites. </div>
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The government brought in 1,600 special, armed police to
break the strike. Ben Tillett, leader of
the new Transport Workers’ Federation informed Winston Churchill, home secretary,
they will bring about a state of war. Hunger and poverty drove his dockers and
ship workers to this present state and no soldiers or policemen will stop them.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Liverpool was also on a wide spread turmoil and the workers
were on the street.</div>
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There was a demonstration of 80,000 people on George’s
Plateau. It was violently suppressed and up to this day known as Bloody Sunday.
An eyewitness report went out stating
that policemen gave cruel blows over women, children and men. They laid on the
street, bleeding and some unconscious. Afterwards the police demanded films to
be edited to enable them to remove scenes of their attack. </div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
This unprovoked attack gave reason to a general strike. On
August 15 soldiers shot dead two dockers, Michael Prendergast and John
Sutcliffe. This action escalated into a national strike of the four railway
unions. It never happened before. 200,000 workers went out. To add to the
explosive situation there were two unarmed protesters, aged 20, shot dead by
troops in Wales. </div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
The government was not facing a challenge of their authority
every where. They had to bow down and give concession to dockers and
railwaymen. However, it wasn’t the end of it.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Come September, even the schoolchildren went on strike demanding
to end the use of caning. </div>
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The following February the country saw the biggest miners
strike ever. One million miners walked out. Then in 1912 there was another
major dockers' strike. </div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Ben Tillett, declared that he would shot Lord Devonport, head
of the Port of London, if any more of his men got murdered. Everybody expected
an uprising and revolution. The gentlemen left their clubs and went to buy
revolvers for protection.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Britain really was on the brink of a revolution. In 1914 the
National Union Of Railwaymen, the Transport Workers Federation and the miners’
Federation signed an alliance. </div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
The prevention of this dangerous situation came from the Balkan.
The shooting of the Crown Prince which escalated into the First World War
prevented the revolution in Britain.</div>
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<br /></div>
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As for a beautiful and peaceful Edwardian era it definitely
wasn’t.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Now, the question remains, since it was its 100red anniversary
in 2011, is the situation so different? Of course, it is a complete different
Britain today but with wages again being reduced because of the economic crisis,
the cost of living doubled if not more, the fundamental settings are there.
However, it is hoped it will not escalate into these situation of a general
strike and people being shot or beating up.</div>
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<br /></div>
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</div>
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<br /></div>
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<br /></div><div class="blogger-post-footer"><img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/8883936175499447253-7555362778387130914?l=itshistory-evabrooks.blogspot.com' alt='' /></div>Maria Hardyhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/01053957589727042125noreply@blogger.com0