The country being wedged between India, central Asia and the
Middle East has an inhospitable rugged mountain rage and deserts. Afghanistan has a history of constant wars, migration,
trade and power struggles
Alexander the Great conquered it and after his death
Afghanistan became part of the state of Bactria. There followed a number of foreign lords and
when Arabs conquered it in 7th century it was converted to Islam. An
important Muslim ruler was Mahmud of Ghazna. He made Afghanistan a centre of
Islam power at the beginning of 11th century.
In 1222 the country was conquered by the Mongols by its
leader Genghis Khan
In 1747 the country became united under an Afghan leader
Ahmad Shah who founded the Durrani Dynasty in Kandahar.
FOUNDER OF THE LAST
AFGHAN EMPIRE
FATHER OF THE NATION
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During the 19th and 20th century three
wars were started by Britain to curb the influence of Russia. The first war during 1838 and 1842 Britain
attempted unsuccessfully to replace the Kabul ruler Dost Muhammad.
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| BRITISH AND ALLIES TROOPS IN KANDAHAR 1880 |
The second war started because the emir
preferred Russia and would not led Britain’s representatives into the city.
The treaty of Gandamak in 1879 gave Britain the control of the Khyber Pass. It is of strategic importance and lies between
today’s Pakistan and central Asia. Due
to the treaty Britain also gained control of Afghan foreign policy.
Emir Abdurrahman Khan became ruler in 1880 and built a
strong central government. His heir managed to get some modernisation and social
reforms.
The third Anglo-Afghan war started in 1919 when emir Amanullah attacked
British India. Although driven back he won full independence under the treaty
of Rawalpindi in 1919. His monarchy founded in 1926 was eventually overturned
by a military coup in 1973.
In 1978 General Muhammad Daoud Khan was assassinated. He
dominated the politics since the beginning of 1950s. The new Democratic
Republic of Afghanistan was announced. It tried to establish a number of reforms
but there was still unrest and tension in the country.
December 1979 Russian troops rolled into the country and
took control. They established a Marxists Party and installed President Babrak
Karmal. Guerrilla mujahidin (freedom
fighters) armed with US weapons started to fight a jihad war (holy war) against
the Russian troops. The result was that five million people fled to Iran and
Pakistan.
By 1987 the cost to the Soviet Union became too high and it
withdrew its troops by 1989. Although the Marxists’ government was ousted by 1992
the civil war continued.
The UN tried to put in an interim government but was delayed till 1995 by the Talibaan (army of students).
They took control of a third of the country. At first the USA supported the Talibaan when Russia
was there but after the withdrawal the USA turned against Talibaans, by then
they were too powerful.
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| TALIBANS OR TALIBAANS |
When the World Centre was destroyed Bush turned on
Afghanistan and Iraq instead of using the sympathy of the world. He roped Tony Blair in and like a fool he went
for it. The USA and Western troops fought the Talibans for over 10 years and it cost hundreds of thousands
of lives on all sides. It did not make any difference because the moment the troops
withdrew the Taliban swept across the country. Ever since the country is in disarray.
In Iraq they brought down Saddam Hussein and hanged him but
the country was in unrest ever since and now the ISIS which is a branch of the
Al-Qaeda sweeps across the country with brutal force. It is even too brutal for
Al-Qaeda. ISIS has changed its name to
IS (Islamic State) and not only fought ruthlessly but also blundered bank accounts
of rich people. By now they are the richest Terrorists group.
Well done George Bush and Tony Blair. While they are tacked away in their safe places living a luxurious live the ordinary people are still being killed every day. Both wars were started illegally.
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