PYRAMID IN ANTARCTICA

A snow covered shape like the Pyramids in Egypt was discovered in the Antarctica. It certainly is a myth and baffles scientists. It needs a great deal of investigation but it makes scientists and experts now wonder if Antarctica was not inhabited by humans millions of years ago.

Sunday Express revealed further that three other structures were found. Two about 10 miles inland and one near the coast.

Evidence from earlier research established that the climate was not as cold as it is today. On further investigation and new evidences being found would through the theory of Global Warming out of the window. It would show that the climate has a natural cycle like everything else.

In 2009 scientists brought back samples, from the Antarctica, with pollens in it. It proves that temperatures must have been higher than the present of -49C. It is thought it could be as high as 20C to create these pollens.

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In 2012 scientists from Nevada's Desert Research Institute found 32 species of bacteria from Lake Vida, east Antarctica, giving more proof that the climate was a lot different to the frozen Tundra as it is today.

Dr Vanessa Bowman said: "Go back 100 million years ago and Antarctica was covered with lush rainforest similar to the those that exists in New Zealand today."

The theory is now the climate changes transformed global environments, historical discoveries around the world prove different temperatures and eco-systems thousands and millions of years ago. It also proves further that Antarctica could have been a lush, tropical land.

Experts now belief that a civilisation like in Africa, Asia and Europe lived there.

They will now investigate the pyramid structure further and if it proves  that it is man-made; history will have to re-written.

The Egyptian most famous pyramid Giza was built around 2,500 BC and still baffles scientists and experts. They discovered that there is two pyramids built underneath and the big one was built on top of it.

If the Antarctica pyramid structure proves it was not built by humans the explanation will be it is a natural phenomenon known as nunatak which means a mountain peak. It juts up just above massive glaciers.

DISCOVERY OF 2000 YEAR OLD MONUMENT

It was near Petra, a monument was discovered which was covers in sand.

The platform measures 184ft by 161ft and it is estimated to be  about 2,150 years old.

It was buried under the sand near Petra in southern Jordan. The discovery was made by Satellite and drone photography shows the evidence. 

Petra dates back to the fourth century BC and it was founded by the Nabataean civilisation.

Archaeologist Christopher Tuttle said: "I've worked in Petra for 20 Years and I knew something was there." In a study with fellow American Sarah Parcak, he says the site was "hiding in plain sight."

It is thought that when they start to work there they might find an awful lot more. 

At the moment there is not a lot of information given because excavation has not began but did not want to keep this exiting news from you.

VOYAGE OF DISCOVERY -- TWO

REPLICA OF MAGELLAN'S SHIP
VICTORIA

Of course, there had been many more adventurers and explorer. They dared to set out into the unknown with no knowledge of the whole world and very small ships.  To face the incredible powers of ferocious storms they must have been very brave men. Plus the dreadful conditions on the small, rat-infested ships. What must they have endured to us the knowledge of the world so early in history?

VASCO DA GAMA

Since Diaz found a route round the Cape of Good Hope to reach the Indian Ocean; King Emanuel I of Portugal sent Vasco da Gama in 1497 to try and find a trade route to India. With three small ships da Gama set out but did not sail along the coastline. He sailed out into the Atlantic Ocean and reach a small island St Helena. From there he used the strong westerly winds to get round the Cape.  He stopped a number of times at the east coast of Africa. In Malindi he met an Arab navigator who showed him the way across the Indian Ocean.

They landed at the famous spice port of Calicut on the Malabar coast. The Indian refused to trade because they didn’t want to lose the Arab traders. He came back with the ships loaded with spices but did not achieve a trade agreement.

Vasco da Gama returned to the East in 1502 with 20 well armed ships. He bombarded Calicut and forced the Indians into a trade agreement. On his way there he established a colony at Mozambique. He returned to Portugal in triumph.

In 1524 Vasco da Gama went back to India as Portuguese viceroy.  After his arrival he soon died. The colony Goa remained in Portuguese’s hands until 1961.

FERDINAND MAGELLAN

Ferdinand Magellan was a Portuguese nobleman and was born in 1480.  However, it was Charles I of Spain who sponsored him to sail round the world.

He sailed in 1519 with five ships from Spain and took a route south-westwards.  On his voyage he discovered the Magellan Strait. The strait is between the South America’s mainland and the island of Tierra del Fuego and leads straight into the Pacific.  The route into the Pacific round the Cape Horn was only discovered in 1616. Magellan was surprised by the calm ‘new’ ocean and therefore named it Pacific, meaning peaceful.

From there they sailed north-westwards and arrived in the Philippines. Magellan was killed there in 1521 during a fight with the local inhabitants.  However, the expedition set sail again and went to Moluccas which the Portuguese had already reached in 1512, by the south-eastern route.  This voyage proved the world was round and Magellan’s sailors successfully went round it.  However, they had to pay a high price.  Of the five ships and 268 men only one ship and 35 men arrived back.

JOHN CABOT

John Cabot was an Italian navigator. He was born in 1450 but loved to England.  Henry II sent him to discover new lands and a new route to the spice islands. Since the Spanish and Portuguese controlled the southern route to Asia, Cabot searched for a northern route. In June 1497 he landed at Cape Breton Island (Newfoundland). He was the first European explorer to discover North America. Cabot thought he landed in North East Asia. The voyage took him to Greenland and he died there in 1498.

VOYAGE OF DISCOVERY -- ONE

In the 15^th and 16^th century an idea was born to find new trading routes to the Far East. This made European Adventurers sail beyond their knowledge. They risk their lives, ships and crews. At the end with suffering of loss of ships and lives they managed eventually to find it. It brought them and their rulers great wealth.

At that age the knowledge of oceans and countries were more than limited. From a start it was still believed that the world was flat. Therefore, if they sail far enough they would fall off. It was also believed that the ocean were full of deadly sea creatures. The foreign land was populated with gruesome cannibals.

In view of the background of ignorance and fear made the bravery and vision of Christopher Columbus and Ferdinand Magellan even more to be admired. To start with they had to persuade their monarch to finance their voyage which couldn’t have been easy by any means. When they achieve it they had to stop the sailors being scared of sailing into the unknown.

The reason of discovering a new trade route to the Far East was the desperate need for spices. In those days meat was preserved by salt. Spices were used to cover the salt or many times more the taste of bad meat.  For centuries spices were brought from the Far East overland to Constantinople (Istanbul). From there they were shipped to all the countries in Europe.

When in 1453 the Muslin Turks conquered Constantinople and they closed the traditional routes. This had a devastating impact on England, Holland and Spain. It was now necessary to find a sea route to the Far East to obtain the necessary spices and other most important goods.

The following two centuries the Portuguese, English, French, Spanish and Dutch were determined to find that sea route.  They were successful and started to establish settlements in the spice producing countries to make they receive regular products. Spain and Portugal were the first successful colonial masters in the last 15^th and early 16^th centuries. Then came the English and Dutch and slowly took over.

BARTHOLOMEU DIAZ

He was born in 1450 in Portugal. Diaz was the first European who found the route round the southern tip of Africa. – The Cape of Good Hope.  It is well named because it is the most treacherous waters in the world.  It is even feared today. In 1487 King John ordered Diaz to explore the Africa coast as far south as possible.

In 1488 Diaz’s three were rounding the cape.  Diaz had reached a new ocean. He wanted to follow it further but the crew mutinied. They had enough of long voyages and its hardship. Diaz had no other choice but to return to Portugal.

DIAZ'S VOYAGE 1487-1488

In 1500 Diaz drowned off the coast of Africa.

Bartholomeu Diaz named the southern most point of Africa Cabo Tormentosa (Cape of Storms) because he nearly lost his ships and all their lives. However, King John III was determined for sailors to sail further and reach the Far East. He renamed as Cape of Good Hope (Cabo da Bona Esperanca).

CHRISTOPHER COLUMBUS

Born in Italy 1451, Christopher Columbus’ real name was Cristoforo Colombo. When he was 14 Christopher ran away to sea.  He was shipwrecked off Portugal in 1478. He decided to stay in Portugal and trained as master mariner.

Columbus believed that the world was round and not like everybody thought at that time the world was flat. He had to spend many years to find a monarch to finance his theory. Ferdinand and Isabella of Spain paid for his expedition and Columbus sailed on 3 August 1492. Three ships, the Santa Maria, the Pinta and the Nina he went westwards.

COLUMBUS' MAP

After a long voyage Columbus saw land on 12 October 1492. He was convinced he set foot in India but it was the Watling Island now San Salvador, in the Bahamas. On that voyage he also discovered Cuba and Hispaniola and he claimed it for Spain.

After that Columbus made three more voyages. He found Puerto Rico, the Leeward Islands and Jamaica. He set up a colony in Hispaniola. 1948 brought him to Trinidad and was the first European landing in South America, in Venezuela. From 1502 till 1504 Columbus was still hoping to find a passage straight to the Indian Ocean. He explored Nicaragua and Honduras.

When Columbus died in 1506 he was sure that he found a route to India. He died in poverty.

COLUMBUS DISCOVERED -- THE AMERICAS -- 12 OCTOBER  1492