UNITED STATES OF AMERICA. .

Territorial expansion followed with the Louisiana purchase in 1803; Texas; California and the south-west following the Mexican -American war from 1846 to 1848.

Success in the war and the California Gold Rush in 1848 helped to open up the Wild West and the Pacific coast. The spread of the railway network and the huge immigration from Europe began to fill the Great Plain.

From 1812 till 1861 the Mississippi Valley and the great Lakes region were populated with settlers. The mid 19th century there were constant political crisis over slavery (abolished 1865) and States Rights. It led to the American Civil War from 1861 to 1865.

The last decades of the 19th century saw the purchase of Alaska and regaining the Spanish colonies after the Spanish American War in 1898.

In the 20th century the USA has become a world power. It got involved in the First World War and Second World War. At the end of the Second World War it dropped atom bombs at Japan's Hiroshima and Nagasaki.

Since it had played an active role in "world policing" with the UN headquarters based in New York, USA.

In the determination (or cover) to prevent the spread of communism it fought in the Korean War - 1950-53 and Vietnam War 1964-75 and supported anti-communism regimes especially in Latin America.

But the USA also supported the Khmer Rouge, Papa Dog and Baby Dog, to name just a few, which is still incredible. Those regimes  were one of the worst blood bath.

During the 1970 and 1980 with the Cold War, between the West and East block, easing off  the USA started an arms reduction with the Soviet Union.

The USA was also involved in the Gulf War during 1991.

Back home the USA faced many crisis. The severe depression and followed by the Stock Market Crash in 1929; a campaign of civil troubles which led to the Civil Right Act in 1964. The assassination of John F Kennedy in 1963; the programme of the first Moon landing in 1969;  the Watergate scandal of Richard Nixon and his resignation in 1974.

During the last decades the USA invaded countries and was involved in a number of illegal wars including the UK.  Such as Laos, Cambodia, Lebanon, Libya, Afghanistan, Iraq and lately Syria all under the cover of being ruled by dictators and trying introducing democracy. However, all these countries are divided and in a complete mess.

BIRTH OF UNITED STATES OF AMERICA

SUMMARRY  The USA is in North America. Its boundary is the Atlantic Ocean in the east and the Pacific Ocean in the west. On the northern side is Canada and in the south Mexico.

It is a  federal republic of 50 states including Alaska and Hawaii.

The Red Indians, descendants from Asia, now renamed American-Indians were the first inhabitants around 50,000 BC, maybe even earlier, crossing from Siberia to Alaska during the Ice Age. They tried their hardest to stop settlers but colonisation spread like wildfire after the Spanish landed in Florida in 1565 and the English in Virginia in 1607.

The Dutch and French followed. A struggle broke out for supremacy and a Seven Years War followed between Britain and France which ended in 1763. The Treaty of Paris marked the final victory for Britain.

Britain tried to reassert total authorities over the colonies but failed. The FIRST CONTINENTAL CONGRESS met in 1774 to regain the lost rights. The first armed confrontation at LEXINGTON AND CONCORD in 1775 escalated into a full scale revolt. The result was a formal proclamation of the separation of the Thirteen Colonies from Britain in the DECLARATION OF INDEPENDENCE IN July 4, 1776.

In 1783 the second Treaty of Paris recognised American Independence. The new state was given legislation by the CONSTITUTION OF THE USA in 1787.

The federal system was established that divided power between central government and the constituent states, with an executive president. George Washington was elected and the first president in 1789.

The new legislature was made up of two houses, the SENATE AND  the HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES. There was also an independent judiciary headed by the SUPREME COURT.

IRAN

The Islamic Republic of Iran lies in the south-west of Asia. 

Till 1935 it was known as Persia. During the 19^th century Russia and Britain fought for influence in Persia. In 1909 Britain created the Anglo-Persian Oil Company and increased its importance. It was later renamed British Petroleum (BP)

 

1921 Reza Khan who was a Persian Officer took the power from Qatar ruler and became the new ruler as Reza Shah Pahlavi. During the Second World War Iran was occupied by British and Russian forces. 

1941 the Shah had to abdicate but gave the power to this son Muhammad Reza Shah Pahlavi. He established better relationship with the West. The Shah’s great political opponent was Muhammad Mossadeq. He demanded no foreign interference in Iran.

In 1951 he forced parliament to nationalise Iran’s oil industry. The Shah expelled him from office in 1953 and agreed for foreign oil companies to operate and demanded a share of the profits.

1960 the Shah began an economic reform and social modernisation. It was totally opposed by religious leaders like Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini.

1978 riots against the Shah made him apply marshal law. A year later Khomaini led a rebellion and the Shah was overthrown.

Khomaini created an Islamic republic totally hostile to the West and to Iraq. He also provoked the Iran Hostage Crisis where they seized the American Embassy in Teheran and started the Iran-Iraq war.  Khomeini died in 1989 and moderate Hashemi Rafsanjani took over the leadership. During the Gulf War in 1991 Iran remained neutral. In the same year the Soviet Union broke up. Iran started to influence the newly independent central Asia states.

In 1995 the United States enforced sanction on Iran when it emerged Iran sponsoring international terrorism and started a nuclear weapon programme.

Hashemi Rafsanjani was superseded by Mohammad Khatami, a reformist, and tension grew into protests.

2001 Mohammad Khatami was re-elected but opposed by conservative in Parliament which banned liberal newspaper and disqualified candidates for parliament election.

2003 students’ anti-government protests in Tehran.

2006 several Human Rights protests took place.

2005 Iran presidential election and Manmoud Ahmadinejad became president.

2005-2006 rumours of USA and Israel planning to attack Iran for the reason of Iranian civilian nuclear energy programme which was feared leading to nuclear weapons.

2009 Ahmadinejad re-elected and cause a huge protest.

2013 Hassan Rouhan – with the presidential election in Iran he gave a promise to re-establish Iran’s relationship with the West.  After 8 days talk in Geneva a statement was made to an agreement between Iran, USA, France and Germany.

 

2020 Iran suffered 2 assassination of top officials and withdrawal of the nuclear contract by Donald Trump, USA President. The new President Joe Bidder to be sworn in on 20 January promised to re-establish contact and friendship with Iran again.

Israel fears Iran and constantly aggravates the situation and tries for confrontation with Iran hoping to destroy them. USA and UK are not stopping Israel because they are practically controlled by Israel. Israel and UK signed a military pact in November. 2020.  

JOHN PAUL; GETTY III

A boy stood at the roadside trying to stop a lorry in December 1973 near the town of Lagonegro in southern Italy. The lorry driver was too nervous to stop but told the local caribinieri (Italian police). The boy told the police that he is Paul Getty and asked for a cigarette and showed them the cut off his ear.
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The 17 year old was the world most famous kidnap victim and it lasted over 138 days. His grandfather the richest man but was also known for his stinginess. He flatly refused to pay any ransom money because he and the family thought that his Grandson pretended trying to get some money out of his grandfather. He gave in when the kidnappers sliced off his ear and sent it to a newspaper with further threats to cut bit by bit. He handed over £1.2million. He demanded that his son, John Paul Ghetty Jr, father of Paul Getty IIII, would pay it back and with 4 per cent interest.

Afterwards he refused to talk to his grandfather or father. Instead of realizing that John Paul was traumatised his grandfather disinherited him when he married a radical German film-maker six years his senior.

                                                 

JOHN PAUL GETTY III  --  AFTER HE HAD A STROKE 

Like most of high society John Paul Getty III and his father John Paul Getty Jr, went on hard drugs. His hippie-stepmother Talitha died of an overdose. This must have hit him hard and at the age of 25 he had a massive stoke which was also caused by heroin, alcohol and heroin substitute methadone.

He ended up nearly blind and quadriplegic and he spent the rest of his tragic like that life. He died after 30 years in 2011.
The sage began with the orignal patriarch George Franklin Getty. He was a lawyer in Minnesota and made the family's fortune by drilling for oil in California. He lent his son Jean Paul, later renamed John Paul, money to invest in oil wells. Largely excluding him from his will because of his playboy lifestyle at that time. 

The grandfather J Paul Getty was shrewd. By the age 24 he was a dollar millionaire. He believed in "rise early, work hard and strike oil". He proved himself right when he started drilling in South Arabia. He sold out to the large Arabian American Oil Company (Aramco). He became a double dollar billionaire. His father was already involved in oil and accumulated a fortune of $1billion which was a fortune in the end of 19th century beginnig of -the century. 

However, all these monies didn't touch his heart. Grandfather J Paul Getty had five sons (four by his five wives)one committed suicide. He had a terrible relationship with John Paul Jr and didn't approve of him marrying Gail Harrison 1956. He left him $500,000 in his will. They divorced  and he got involved with the Hippies and drugs. There he met Talitha  who died of drug overdose.. 

As well as his marriage not being approved John Paul Jr went completely into drugs. He admitted that he took a gramme of heroin a day. One day he woke up and his wife Talitha was lying dead next to him. After that he became a reclusive and lived in Chelsea. Till his father died in 1976 he was not seen in public.

He had four children with Gail and a son by Talitha called Tara Gabriel Galaxy Gramophone  who became a conservationists in Africa..

The eldest was John Paul III was born in 1956. His childhood was spent in Rome where his father ran Getty Oil's Italian business. When his parents divorced he stayed there but was expelled from his internal school in Rome at the age of 14.

When he was over 16 he was attack in the city's historic Piazza Farnese. The kidnappers hit him over the head and put him into the car which they drove 350 miles south. In the five months of capture he was living in caves, derelict mountain huts in very cold conditions. He never saw his kidnappers' faces. He said later on that he didn't expect to live.

The kidnappers demanded at first  more. However, the grandfather pointed out that this would only encourage further kidnapping one of his other grandchildren. He further pointed out that it would lead to lawlessness, terrorism, sky-jacking and killing hostages.

He had a point there but that he demanded his son John Paul Jr not only repay the money but with interest showed his meanness. was a nerve. John Paul Jr did not have access to the family fortune.

One year after his release John Paul III married 24 year old Gisela Zacher and became stepfather to her daughter Anna. Their son, Balthazar, became an actor and acted in the Lord Of The Flies. Recently he acted in the TV series Brothers and Sisters. His other son Mark ownes a famous photographic agency Getty Images. He is also a trustee of the National Gallery.  A major beneficiary due to his father's generosity. The dynasty does not mean meanness any more.

John Paul Jr went into New York' society in full swing and was in Andy Wahol set. He ended up with great health problems because of drugs and alcohol taking.. His father refused to pay his huge medical bill even so he just received a big inheritance from a family trust. After lengthy treatments he was almost cured and lived a normal live. After they found Talitha dead he fought hard not to be charged with neglegence. After that he went to England to escape the continued harrassment of the press.

After Talitha's death he became an reclusive and he went to England lo live in Chelsea.  He was never seen in public. Being still a drug user and savering eventually from bad health. He went for a long spell to a London clinic to get off drugs and to improve his health. He met Victoria Holdworth, a farmers' daughter, who brought him out into the public again, In 1994 John Paul Getty Jr married her  He bought Wormsley a 3,000 acre estate and improved greatly the house and garden  At his death he bequethed it to his wife and several billions of pounds..

During his stay in England he gave away £140million to various causes. Even the Conservatives benefitted from his generosity with £5billion. His father must not only turned in his grave but must have been hopping mad of giving all this money away.

John Paul Jr had a passion for England which made him relinquis his American passport. He became a British citizen and it enabled the government not only to give him a honorary knighthood but a real one. By the time of his death he loved cricket, and was a friend of Sir John Major and Lady Thatcher as well as with Mick Jagger. He died in 2003. He left some of his fortune to Mark, his second son because his first borne son John Paul Getty III had already a stroke and was seriously disabled.  Balthazar, his third son became an actor.

John Paul Jr's daughter Aileen, was diagnosed as HIV positive in 1985. Today she is the world's longest survivors. She said that she feels victimised by her legacy, by her parents and by life. She had been in seven institutions, 12 shock treatments, seven miscarriage, anorexic, self mutilator and had been there and back.

Nobody had ever known such a fortune and misfortune on such a huge scale and at the same time as John Paul Getty III. He died on 6 February 2011 and may he have found the peace he always was longing for.

IRON AND STEEL INDUSTRY

The Iron Age began at around 1500 BC.  Iron started at a very moderate rate with many products. Slowly the importance was realised and it became a very necessary product. Whole empires and civilization were forged by iron tools. Not to forget iron weapons.

Then in the 20^th century the industrial revolution began which couldn’t have happened if there were no iron and steel which is a product made from iron. Railways, ships and factories would not exist without iron and steel.

However, in the last two decades there was another great revolution but nobody noticed it because everybody was so busy trying to keep up with it. It was the Information Age which means plastics and electronics. The two materials gave great pressure to the iron and steel industries.

 A Global Industry

                   

In spite of these new materials which are cheaper, especially plastics, the demand for iron and steel still continued. Australia and Brazil are producing millions of tonnes of iron ore. It is then shipped to any country around the world. The steel-making plants will then produce the necessary product.  Large steel-making plants emerged all over the world because after the World War 2 the shipping costs were very low. Before the war steel mills were situated near the raw material such as iron ore, coking coal and limestone.

In order to produce steel the plant has to reduce the carbon content in the iron to at specific level. Anything between 0.05 per cent and 1.5 per cent, it depends on the type of steel. The steel is usual produced into bars, slabs, wire, sheets or rods. It will then be shipped by rail, road or sea. Most of the manufacturers have a demand of steel.               

However, the biggest demand comes from shipbuilding, machinery, construction and vehicle manufacturing.

The energy crisis at the beginning of the ‘70s brought the steel industry into great difficulties till such time the demand and profit used to rise steadily. With the crisis the demand fell and so did the profit.  The owners had to face the fact, in order to stay compatible, they have to invest huge amounts of money to modernise the plants. This created a backlash in so far that workers had to be laid off and this again reduced the spending power which reflected in the economy.

During the recession in 1989-92 the steel industries had to re-construct it again. This was done two ways. Either vertical integration which means the steel industries buys out all the distribution companies which market the steel. This would bring the profit of the distributors to the manufacturer.

The second way of re-construction was to specialise of a particular product instead of a wide variety. During this process the British Steel became a world wide name for structural steels used in the building trade.

Mannesmann in Germany specialised in tube making and Sacilor of France produced stainless steel.

These changes resulted into the US and European steel industries to be most competitive.

New Competition

To start off a steel industry the cost are huge amount of money, skilled labour, sophisticated management, good infrastructure and communication. It was difficult for any country to take on such an enormous new undertaking. However, since the World War 2 few countries started and succeeded. There were Japan which is now one of the top steel producers, South Korea rose to the 6^th place and Taiwan was on the 17^th.They also expanded to neighbouring countries like the Philippines and Malaysia.

Turkey, China and India followed in their footsteps and achieved higher productions then South America. Brazil has a great advantage because it produces its own iron ore.

The least competition came from Eastern Europe and the former USSR. After the collapse and with that state support, they used the old open-hearth process instead of the basic oxygen or electric-arc furnaces like the West. Eastern Europe continued to use the traditional casting of raw steel into ingots. The West used a more efficient casting process. 

In 1995 countries like the Czech Republic, Poland and Hungary started to improve their production and their profit increased. In Russia and the Ukraine the production is falling but slowly.

A small Revolution

It started when quite a number of mini steel mills were built which altogether had an impact.

A mini mill is an electric-arc furnace mill. They usual make steel from scrap. Mini mill have a turn out of half a million tone a year. Mini mills encouraged the scrap metal dealer to sell to the steel industry.  It is estimated around 10 million tonnes of scrap are collected in Britain every year. France, Germany and The Netherlands are major contributors of scrap metal in Europe. They export a great amount to countries like Spain, Turkey, India and the Far East.

The other type of mill is called an integrated mill. It produces steel by using a basic oxygen process and iron ore, coke and limestone. Integrated mills will produce 10 to 20 tonnes a year.

Another Option

The other alternative to steel is new materials such composites, plastics and glass fibre. They are cheaper and sometimes even better quality.

1990 General Motors’ started to use mainly plastic and fitted thermoplastic body panels to the steel frame. 

The Shell Oil manufactured a North Sea oil rig from plastic.

In order to counteract these new developments the steel industry produced coated steel which prevents rust. The coat is made of zinc and plastic. This new material is used in car manufacturing and architectures.

BIKINI ATOLL

For years the two-piece swimsuit was available and nobody thought about it. However, the French car engineer Louis Reard for unknown reason designed the smallest ever two-piece in 1946.  It was a sensation and he called it Bikini.

At first when the Bikini swimsuit came on the market some countries banned it. The real break through came when Brigit Bardot wore a bikini in the 1956 film “And God Created Woman”. Today, it is not thought about it any more and is never missing in any holiday suitcase

Again for unknown reason he named it after the small island Bikini Atoll. It lies in the North Pacific and was a US Navy camp. The US Navy tested atom bombs there for years. Since we mentioned that it also crossed my mind regarding air pollution.  Would it not be more likely that the Ozone layers be damaged through repeated Atom Bombs.

Instead the poor public was blamed for using hairsprays polluting by CS gas which surely never left the bathroom. Another terrible offender was the humble fridge. At one stage, even the cows were accused of being guilty partly creating the Ozone Hole by passing winds. The publicity was so strong that the poor old cows nearly had their last day.

Coming back to the real history of Bikini Atoll which is part of the Marchall Islands. It is now 60 years since the US hydrogen bomb tests were made on these islands.

The exiled islanders are far too scared to go back.

It was claimed that the nuclear arms race during the cold war was the reason and necessary.

The 15 tonnes megatons Bravo test on the 1 March 1954 was thousand times more powerful than the atom bomb dropped on Hiroshima. It exposed thousands in the surrounding area to radioactive fallout.

In 1946 the Bikini Islanders were told to evacuate because of the first tests were planned.

In 1970 the US scientists declared the area safe again and the some islanders went back.

In 1978 it was discovered that they developed an indigestive problem caused by the high level radiation after eating the food grown on former nuclear test sites. Was it just for scientific records what the result would be when they told the people it was safe?

US nuclear explosion tests in the Marshall Islands stopped in 1958 after 67 tests. Did it have to 67 tests and each with huge radioactive fallout? When you consider the impact on the Japanese fishermen, 60 miles away it was sheer madness and no responsibility at. The US has a lot to answer for regarding pollution of the land but also of the Pacific Ocean. .,

The UN report in 2012 stated that the effect will be long-lasting. It should be more than enough of a lesson that nuclear power poison never deteriorates.

When will the big powers ever accept that?

An 80 year old fisherman Matashichi Oishi who was with 23 fishermen on the Japanese boat “Lucky Dragon” 60 miles away said: “I remember the brilliant flash in the west. The frightening sound that followed and the extraordinary sky which turned red as far as I could see.”

The result of the crew’ health is well known. They suffered of cancer and other causes. Kuboyama suffer acute organ malfunctioning seven months after the test and effect was from being 60 miles away.It also indicates how far the fall out went and polluted the sea around it.  

The US government still refuses full compensation to those people as well as the Islanders.

This description of the old fisherman convinces that the hole in the Ozone layer was caused by these nuclear bomb tests.

The Ozone hole suppose growing smaller it also confirms because these tests had been stopped.

It was not only the US but also other big nation done their testing. What for is inexplicable?  

APACHE

 The tribe of Apache is well known and part of the red Indians. They are a North American indigenous people.

They can be traced back to prehistoric times and were nomads on the central and southern Great Plans.  

Between the 9^th and 15^th centuries the Apache slowly move into the semi-deserts.

As far back as the 13^th century the Apache and Navaho raided towns of the Anasazi people.  The area they covered is now called Utah, Colorado, Arizona and New Mexico. These raids were responsible for them being hunted down.

Spanish explorers recorded the Apache covers countries of Arizona, New Mexico, Texas and northern Mexico in the late 16^th century.  They had managed to have regular contact with the Spanish settlers by the early 17^th century.

During this time the Apache and other people living on the eastern edges of the plains got hold of horses. It started a fierce hunting for buffalos. 

Eventually, the Comanche drove the Apache off the Great Plains. The Apache ended up in the western part by the 18^th century. This brought it into confronting the USA continually expanding in the 18^th century which acquired the new territories from Mexico.

From 1861 the Apache and Navaho people had to fight the US troops and had to surrender five years later but individual skirmishes continued till 1870.

GERONIMO

In the 1880 land which was still controlled by Apache and their famous leader Geronimo stood in the way of the expansion of the US and the new settlers.

Even now, in the 21^st century, the Apache are not save from persecution by the US government.

The government is willing to give permission to a mining company to dig up a beautiful stretch of ancient forest held by the Apache tribe sacred.

For centuries the San Carlos Apache have used the Oak Flat area of the Tonto National Forest in Arizona for traditional religious ceremonies. For this reason alone and for its natural beauty it had protection for 60 years but many attempts for mining the land were made and so far have failed.

History shows there are decades and centuries where the indigenous people were abused by various governments.  It is high time the US government stopped persecuting these people.

As always, if it is in the interest of the government US lawmakers with links to mining interest using devious tactics to get permission to mine.

AVAAZ has been protecting local communities right across the world. It stands now by the Apache and started a petition to stop mining in the Oak Flat.

CRIMEA

Crimea, a peninsula on the northern shore of the Black Sea. Although only a small piece of land all along in history it became a very important point because it is the entry to the Black Sea.

It was first colonised by the Greeks in the 6^th century BC. 

In the 1^st century AD the Crimean people became a Roman protectorate.

Tribes from the north and the east invaded Crimea as they swooped down. Ostrogoths, Huns and other tribes went across until Byzantine partially controlled it from the 6^th to the 12th century.

During the 13^th century it was overrun by Mongolians.

In the late 15th century Tatar khanate became part of the Ottoman Empire

Russia Empire annexed the Crimea in 1783 till 1914 as Crimea Autonomous Soviet Republic.  It was dissolved in 1945 and Crimea became an oblast of the RSSR from 1945 to 1954 and then a part of the Ukraine SSR from 1954 till 1991 it became two territories – Autonomous Republic of Crimea and Sevastopol City within the Ukraine

In 2014 independence was declared and a referendum of whether to join Russia was held while the peninsular was occupied by Russian soldiers.  After the Crimea's majority voted to be annexed to Russia it was again split into two federal subjects – Republic of Crimea and federal city of Sevastopol.

USA and its Allies do not accept the vote and stated it is illegal and ever since the trouble started and thousands have to die or severely injured again.

G8 expelled Russia temporarily and started sanction against the country which is of no benefit to both sites.

Crimean War

From 1854 to 1956 the war was fought between Russia and the combined forces of Turkey, Britain, France and Piedmont.  The war broke out because Russia was not able to get equal rights from France in a dispute over the Palestinian holy places and occupied part of the Ottoman Empire.

A conference was held to stop Russian expansion in the Black Sea area and to protect trade routes; Turkey’s allies demanded to appease Russia. However, Turkey refused and declared was on Russia in October 1853.

In November the Russians destroyed the Turkish fleet at Sinope on the Black Sea. This action forced Britain and France to enter the war in March 1854.

Austria remains neutral but it mobilised its army whereby Russia was forced to evacuate Wallachia and Moldavia.

The Allied force, under Lord Raglan, entered Crimea in August 1854. It was ill-prepared and despite suffering heavily of cholera it defeated the Russia Army at the battle of the Alma River on 20 September 1954.  It laid siege to the armed fort of Sevastopol.

Russia attempted several time to break the siege but was beaten back by the British defence of the Inkerman ridge. The Tsar’s forces had to retreat after a bloody battle.

A winter of siege warfare followed the next Anglo-Russian confronting at the Battle of Balaklava, the place were the historical Light Brigade charged.

The Allied armies lacked of fuel, clothing and supplies and therefore suffered of a heavy death toll. The British public criticism was high after ‘The Times’ reported it by W.H. Russell, the first war correspondence to use the telegraph to transmit his report.

Florence Nightingale asked for permission to travel to Crimea. Her introduction of hygiene and various other new methods finally reduced the mortality in hospital among the Allied wounded form 42 per cent to 2 per cent. She turned the whole nursing completely around and made it to what it is today.

When Sevastopol fell, Alexander II, the new Russian Tsar began a peace process which was formally accepted at the Congress of Paris in 1856.

ALBERT EINSTEIN

Albert Einstein's theory was a revolution in the understanding of space, time and  motion even till today.

This year was the 100th anniversary of the relativity   

ALBERT  EINSTEIN AND
 HIS WIFE ELSA 

Einstein (1879-1955) changed the understanding of how the physical world works. He was born in Ulm, Germany and showed at an early age an interest in machineries. His father was an electrical engineer. He attended the technical college in Zurich. In 1901 he became a Swiss national and worked at the patent office in Bern. During this time he continued his own research. In 1905 he became a doctor of physics.

After that he started to formulate the ideas which changed the concepts of physics established by Sir Isaac Newton. His special theory of relatively was that the speed of light was fixed and any physical objects ( spacecraft) could not travel faster. He proved that objects shrink when reaching the speed of light and their mass increases and time slows down.

In 1916 he established four-dimensional description of the Universe. He called it space time which turns time into length, width and depth. Over decades this theory had been repeatedly confirmed.

After Einstein published his papers on the special theory of relativity he was able to move from the patent office to a number of academic positions in Europe. Eventually he took up a position in Berlin in 1914 as director of the Kaiser Wilhelm Institute for physics. He worked there till 1933.

Einstein’s fame grew when his general relativity was confirmed by the British astronomer Arthur Eddington. In spite of only a few people could understand his work he became world famous and a symbol of the ultimate achievements of science.

Einstein received the Nobel Prize for physics in 1921. It was not for his special theory of relativity but for theory set out in 1905 how the photoelectric cells work.

Albert Einstein left Germany in 1933 because he was Jewish. It was the year when the Nazis came to power. He first lived in France but then moved to Princeton in the USA. He continued his research at the Institute of Advance Study.

In 1939 Einstein contacted Franklin D Roosevelt advising him to start manufacture atomic weapons to counteract the production of weapons in Germany. After the war he tried hard to stop the Cold War arms race. Although he described the fission of radio-active material which came from special relativity. Einstein had no part in the manufacturing these weapons.

In his later years with his greatest work written he gave the impression of an eccentric, anti-establishment figure but still respected for being a pacifist.

In 1952 he declined the presidency of Israel.

Even today after all the great developments in the technical world which open up space and gave a greater knowledge to mankind; Einstein’s work still stands.

Based on his theories Professor Stephen Hawking and others attempting to produce a unified theory to explain how the entire University works.

 

PALESTINE-- CONGRATULATION FOR BEING RECONGNISED

Congratulation for your flag been hoisted at the UN and you are recognised as a country and nation.

MAP OF ANCIENT PALESTINE  

TO START WITH THE BIBLICAL AND REALITY OF PALESTINE DIFFER WIDELY, DUE TO ARCHAEOLOGICAL FINDS.  EXPERTS HAVE COME TO THE CONCLUSION THAT SOLOMON ARE MYTH LIKE KING ARTHUR.

THERE WERE NO ARCHAEOLOGICAL EVIDENCES FOUND

DWELLING UNCOVERED IN 1925  
TELL ES-SULTAN,  JERICHO  
10,000 TO 5,000 BC

The country is situated on the east coast of the Mediterranean. During Biblical time kingdoms Judea and Israel occupied the area.  It is known as the Holy Land and Palestine is sacred to Jews, Christians and Muslims.

The name Palestine comes from Palestina or Philistia, the land of the Philistines who settled there in the 12^th century BC with the Canaastines who were there from the 2000 BC. 

The Hebrews whose religion taught them that the land was promised by God and Moses led them there were under the rules of the Philistines till 1000 BC.  After that they set up an independent kingdom.

When their king Solomon died in 922 BC they divided it into two kingdoms Judea and Israel.  Israel was defeated by the Assyrian in 722 and Judea by Nebuchadnezzar II in 586 BC. He destroyed Jerusalem and made the Jews move to Babylon.

In 536 BC the Persian emperor Cyrus II conquered the Babylonians and the Jews were released from exile.  The Jews achieved independence again.  However, the Jewish Maccabee dynasty rebelled against the Seleucids’ rulings.

In 63 BC the Romans conquered the land.   The Herod dynasty ruled over parts of Palestine and in 66 AD a Jewish revolt broke out.  During the Roman occupation Palestine converted to Christianity included the empire under emperor Theodosius in 380 AD.

In 641 the country was conquered by Arab

In 1095 a confrontation between the Seljuk Turks and Byzantines and pilgrimages to the Holy Land had to stop.  Pope Urban II established the First Crusade.  In 1099 the crusaders invaded Jerusalem and massacred all inhabitants. They set up a Latin Kingdom of Jerusalem or Outremer.  It was later on ruled by the Mamaluks and from 1516 by Ottoman Turks. It remained under the Ottoman Turks till 1918.

When the Turks and Germans were defeated by the British the land west of the River Jordan became officially Palestine under a British mandate in 1920. This was officially accepted by the League of Nations in 1922.  It implemented the 1917 Balfour declaration promising support for a Jewish homeland in Palestine. Jews kept migrating and the build up ended into a war between Arabs and Jews in 1936.

After the Second World War Jewish people were migrating there and it created tension. 1948 the British end their mandate and Israel was established.

 YELLOW MARKED AREA
 WAS THE  LAND GIVEN
 TO ISRAEL IN 1948
According to reports 750,000 Palestinians had to leave their homes to make place for Israelis

Between 1948 and 1949 and Arab-Israel war was fought. It ended by Palestine lost it political identity and was divided up by Egypt controlled the Gaza Strip and Jordan the West Bank.

1967 saw the six-day war fought by Israel with Egypt, Jordan and Syria. Israel conquered the West Bank, Golan Height, Gaza Strip and Sinai.

Any negotiation between Arabs and Israelis failed.  On one site the Palestinian Liberation Organisation and most of the Arab countries refused to recognise Israel as a nation. On the other site Israel refused to deal what it sees as terrorists.

In 1978 under the Camp Davis Accord, Israel withdrew from the 
captured Egypt territories.  Unrest began in the remaining territories and in 1988 Jordan withdrew its claim on the West Bank.  PLO declared independent Palestine authority there and agreed for Israel to exist.

Peace made progress with the Labour led-coalition in Israel. In the following year Washington Accords were signed.  It contained an agreement PLO recognition of Israel and Palestine self-rule in the Gaza Strip and Jericho.

Yasser Arafat became the first president of the Palestine National Authority n 1994. The Palestinian people are classed as Arabs which they are not.  DNA showed that they are dependence of a tribe which is related to the Israelis. 

Now they are called terrorists but looking at the map is it a wonder that these people rebel? Which nation would stand for it and yet the world shuts its eyes

The following  picture shows and proves all the injustice Palestinian people received from Israel and still receiving.

If that is not dictatorship; what is? Yet the USA and the West are calling every other leader in the Middle East dictator.  They murdering, land grabbing and raiding houses in the middle of the night, arresting young boys of the Palestinian people is still going on without being stopped by the USA. Do USA need a safety spot in the ME for its weapons, nuclear and chemical weapons?

As you can see Palestine lost more land since 2000 (map above) and the world looks on. Israel will not stop until all the land is theirs. USA calls everyone a dictator and tyrant in the Middle East and declares an illegal war on them but not Israel.

In 2014 Israel attacked the Gaza Strip because three Israelis were found dead and it blamed Hamas for their murder.  During the 50 days war Gaza was almost levelled and cost over 2,000 people’s lives; while Israel lost 67 people. The whole world was in uproar because the people of Gaza could not move since their borders were closed and were sitting ducks.

Hamas denied they killed the three Israelis.  During the fighting Israel claimed that an Israeli soldier was kidnapped by Hamas and then killed.  Three days later it was revealed that the soldier was killed in the fighting but Israel straight away made another night of bombing.  As if Israel didn't know that their soldier was shot in the fighting and not kidnapped and killed by Hamas?

   

After the Israelis were forced to stop bombardments and get their troops out of Gaza they confiscated, two days later, over 400 hectare land from the West Bank, destroyed the villages and build their settlements.  Another report stated that they were planning a further 950 hectares to take from the West Bank. To revenge the three Israelis killed. This time even the USA which is their greatest supporter criticised them but criticism alone will not stop Israel.

In 30 September, 2015 the UN decided to recognise Palestine as a country and raised their National Flag. Palestine is now a nation again.

2020 during President Trump era Israel became USA's biggest friend and Trump authorised his Embassy to be moved from Teheran to Jerusalem which inflamed more tension. He also encouraged Israel to claim the Golan Height and now the West Bank which means more Palestinians to be moved out and Israel's settlements to be built.

Gaza Strip's bombardments and sanctions are still going on.  

As said before, Israel will not stop until the last Palestinian is moved out and Israel rules the whole area. Surprising the Arab countries are not standing up for the Palestinians?

But as Israel hinted, they have a nuclear rocket pointing at every Capital in the World. Is that what keeps USA and the West quiet and rather join them instead of confront them? UK signed an agreement with Israel's Army in November 2020. 

Where is the UN to stop Israel? Israel will not stop after gaining the whole Palestine. It will then attacking and illegally invade neighbouring countries.

Is Israel the fuse which will burn until the whole World will be inflamed?